Directed drug delivery systems. Biotechnological aspects

Publications concerning methods of creation of the drug delivery systems based on liposomal forms and receptor-dependent endocytosis are summarized. The methods of use of the directed drug delivery systems in creation of anticancerogenical and antibacterial agents, vaccines and in gene therapy are examined.В огляді узагальнено дані літератури щодо підходів до створення систем цілеспрямованого доставлення лікарських засобів, які базуються на використанні ліпосомальних форм та рецепторопосередкованого ендоцитозу. Розглянуто підходи до використання систем спрямованого доставлення при створенні антиканцерогенних, антибактеріальних препаратів, вакцин, а також у генотерапії.В обзоре обобщены данные литературы относительно подходов к созданию систем целенаправленной доставки лекарственных средств, основанных на использовании липосомальных форм и рецепторопосредованного эндоцитоза. Рассмотрены подходы к использованию систем направленной доставки при создании антиканцерогенных, антибактериальных препаратов, вакцин, а также в генотерапии

Production of Z⁰ bosons in elastic and quasi-elastic <i>ep</i> collisions at HERA

The production of Z&lt;sup&gt;0&lt;/sup&gt; bosons in the reaction ep→eZ&lt;sup&gt;0&lt;/sup&gt;p&lt;sup&gt;(⁎)&lt;/sup&gt;, where p&lt;sup&gt;(⁎)&lt;/sup&gt; stands for a proton or a low-mass nucleon resonance, has been studied in &lt;i&gt;ep&lt;/i&gt; collisions at HERA using the ZEUS detector. The analysis is based on a data sample collected between 1996 and 2007, amounting to 496 pb&lt;sup&gt;−1&lt;/sup&gt; of integrated luminosity. The Z&lt;sup&gt;0&lt;/sup&gt; was measured in the hadronic decay mode. The elasticity of the events was ensured by a cut on ηmax&lt;3.0, where η&lt;sub&gt;max&lt;/sub&gt; is the maximum pseudorapidity of energy deposits in the calorimeter defined with respect to the proton beam direction. A signal was observed at the Z&lt;sup&gt;0&lt;/sup&gt; mass. The cross section of the reaction ep→ eZ&lt;sup&gt;0&lt;/sup&gt;p&lt;sup&gt;(⁎)&lt;/sup&gt; was measured to be σ(ep→ eZ&lt;sup&gt;0&lt;/sup&gt;p&lt;sup&gt;(⁎)&lt;/sup&gt;)=0.13±0.06(stat.)±0.01(syst.) pb, in agreement with the Standard Model prediction of 0.16 pb. This is the first measurement of Z&lt;sup&gt;0&lt;/sup&gt; production in &lt;i&gt;ep&lt;/i&gt; collisions

Measurement of the t dependence in exclusive photoproduction of Υ\Upsilon(1S) mesons at HERA

The exclusive photoproduction reaction gamma p -> Upsilon(1S) p has been studied with the ZEUS detector in ep collisions at HERA using an integrated luminosity of 468 pb^-1. The measurement covers the kinematic range 60<W<220 GeV and Q^2<1 GeV^2, where W is the photon-proton centre-of-mass energy and Q^2 is the photon virtuality. The exponential slope, b, of the t dependence of the cross section, where t is the squared four-momentum transfer at the proton vertex, has been measured, yielding b = 4.3 +2.0 -1.3 (stat.) +0.5 -0.6 (syst.) GeV^-2. This constitutes the first measurement of the t dependence of the gamma p -> Upsilon(1S) p cross section.Comment: 15 pages, 4 figures; http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.physletb.2012.01.00

Measurement of Isolated Photons Accompanied by Jets in Deep Inelasic epep Scattering

The production of isolated high-energy photons accompanied by jets has been measured in deep inelastic ep scattering with the ZEUS detector at HERA, using an integrated luminosity of 326 pb^{-1}. Measurements were made for exchanged photon virtualities, Q^2, in the range 10 to 350 GeV^2. The photons were measured in the transverse-energy and pseudorapidity ranges 4 < ET^gamma < 15 GeV and -0.7 < eta^gamma < 0.9, and the jets were measured in the transverse-energy and pseudorapidity ranges 2.5 < ET^jet <35 GeV and -1.5 < eta^jet < 1.8. Differential cross sections are presented as functions of these quantities. Perturbative QCD predictions give a reasonable description of the shape of the measured cross sections over most of the kinematic range, but the absolute normalisation is typically in disagreement by 20-30%.Comment: 17 pages, 4 figures. Minor changes in published versio

Inclusive-Jet Photoproduction at HERA and Determination of αs\alpha_{s}

Inclusive-jet cross sections have been measured in the reaction ep->e+jet+X for photon virtuality Q2 < 1 GeV2 and gamma-p centre-of-mass energies in the region 142 < W(gamma-p) < 293 GeV with the ZEUS detector at HERA using an integrated luminosity of 300 pb-1. Jets were identified using the kT, anti-kT or SIScone jet algorithms in the laboratory frame. Single-differential cross sections are presented as functions of the jet transverse energy, ETjet, and pseudorapidity, etajet, for jets with ETjet > 17 GeV and -1 < etajet < 2.5. In addition, measurements of double-differential inclusive-jet cross sections are presented as functions of ETjet in different regions of etajet. Next-to-leading-order QCD calculations give a good description of the measurements, except for jets with low ETjet and high etajet. The influence of non-perturbative effects not related to hadronisation was studied. Measurements of the ratios of cross sections using different jet algorithms are also presented; the measured ratios are well described by calculations including up to O(alphas2) terms. Values of alphas(Mz) were extracted from the measurements and the energy-scale dependence of the coupling was determined. The value of alphas(Mz) extracted from the measurements based on the kT jet algorithm is alphas(Mz) = 0.1206 +0.0023 -0.0022 (exp.) +0.0042 -0.0035 (th.); the results from the anti-kT and SIScone algorithms are compatible with this value and have a similar precision.Comment: 53 pages, 17 figure