Morphological features of rye grain with low pentosan content

Background. The grain coat plays a major role in the development of rye cultivars with low levels of water-soluble pentosans (WSP). Grain coat thinness is a diagnostic trait for low WSP (arabinoxylans) content. To improve the technology of low-pentosan rye breeding, it becomes important to study the effect of changes in the anatomy of low-pentosan grains on morphological characteristics.Materials and methods. Grains with thin coats (transparent) were identified with the LFS-1 diaphanoscope in the populations of 7 commercial winter rye cultivars grown in Russian Federation. Anatomical and morphological features of seed coats were studied on thick- and thin-coated grains identified in the rye cultivars ‘Era’ and ‘Vyatka’. The thickness of grain coats and the aleurone layer were assessed according to L. N. Lyubarsky.Results and conclusions. In thin-coated rye grains, we found a reduction in the thickness of the pericarp and seed coats by 50–70% and in the aleurone layer by 32.1–39.6%, compared to thick-coated grains. With a constant cell size in “transparent” grains, a decrease in the thickness of the aleurone layer and coat occurs at the expense of the reduction in not only the cell walls, but also the intercellular space. The pericarp in the tissues of the second multicellular layer contains the bulk of the protective biologically passive WSP. It was proved that there were no significant changes in grain parameters, such as length, width and relative volume, depending on coat thinness. Significant differences were found in the 1000 grain weight. In “transparent” grains the index increased by 5.2–19.7%, compared with “nontransparent” ones

MONITORING OF DRUG SAFETY IN CLINICAL PRACTICE

The results of work on identification and registration of complications of medicinal therapy in medical institutions of the Irkutsk region showed that that the frequency of undesirable medicinal reactions in patients made from 10 to 30 %. The standard scheme of antibacterial therapy results in resistance of pathogenetic flora. Hospital patients have great possibility of being infected with microorganisms, the so-called hospital strains (bacteria). The drug safety monitoring showed the necessity of the policing of prescribing of cardiovascular, antibacterial and antiglaucoma drugs

The interchangeability of drugs from line items of pharmaceutical compliance and clinical efficiency and safety

Questions of replacement of original medicines with generic are discussed. The sintesation of identical medicine is a complex challenge from the technological point of view. It is caused by distinctions in production of substances, influence of the variable pharmaceutical factors giving change of the size of particles, a different amorphous forms, a deviation of structure and quantitative content of impurity. Auxiliary substantion characteristics of a production process of ready dosage forms matter. Data on pharmacokinetic equivalence of each generic to original are necessary. For carrying out pharmacotherapy original medicine which receive as a result of the researches executed under the regulated protocol needs data on comparative therapeutic efficiency and shipping the generic of drugs

RYE BREEDING FOR LOW-PENTOSANS AND POSSIBILITY OF ITS USE IN ANIMAL FEEDING

The strategy and technology of rye breeding for low water-soluble arabinoxilans (WS-AX) in grain were proposed. Together with breeders from other institutions we developed the first six low-pentosan varieties of winter rye suitable for grain forage use. Seeds of low-pentosan forage rye do not form viscous mucus in animal stomachs, thus eliminating the problem that exists when feeding classic baking rye. When using them as fodder for laboratory and farming animals, high palatability and nutritional value were observed

THE ROLE OF THE VAVILOV INSTITUTE OF PLANT INDUSTRY IN THE INITIATION AND DEVELOPMENT OF NEW TRENDS IN WINTER RYE BREEDING IN RUSSIA

Scientific investigations conducted at VIR during 1960-2014 to identify sources of new promising and economically useful traits in rye resulted in the development of genetic donors of such traits capable of increasing breeders’ work efficiency. These results helped to initiate the development of new priority trends in winter rye breeding, such as breeding of heterosis hybrid cultivars, semi-dwarf non-lodging cultivars, cultivars resistant to fungal diseases, semi-dwarf forms with higher productivity on the basis of plant photosynthesis potential optimization, and rye cultivars with low pentosan content for universal utilization

Problems of winter rye breeding for resistance to leaf and stem rusts

Since 1967, over 2,500 rye (Secale cereale L. and S. montanum Guss.) populations have been studied at the N.I.Vavilov Research Institute of Plant Industry in order to determine genetic diversity of the crop with respect to leaf rust (Puccinia recondita Rob.) resistance. Plants possessing race-specific resistance to leaf rust were found in 51 accessions (cultivars, landraces and wild species). In 2000, a study of 420 rye accessions revealed stem rust (Puccinia graminis Pers. f. sp. secalis Erikss. et Henn.) resistant genotypes in 69 of them. Control of leaf rust resistance was found to be dominant monogenic in 44 accessions, and digenic in cultivar Chulpan 2. In some accessions, e.g. Avangard 2, Novozybkovskaya 4-2 and Derzhavinskaya 2, leaf rust resistance of individual plants was determined by one dominant gene, while in other plants of the same accessions it was determined by two dominant genes. In most resistance sources (Sanim, Chernigovskaya 3, Kharkovskaya 55) genetic control of the character is determined by the Lr4 gene, in Jmmunnaya 1 by Lr5, in Chulpan 3 and Immunnaya 4 by Lr6, in Novozybkovskaya 4-2 by Lr7, and in Lovaszpatonai by Lr8, in Yaroslavna 3 by LriO. Stem rust resistance is controlled by the dominant gene Sri. By pyramiding effective resistance genes two new winter rye cultivars have been bred.These are Estafeta Tatarstana (1999) and Era (2001) characterized by a high-level resistance to leaf and stem rust, to powdery mildew