Highly charged ions: optical clocks and applications in fundamental physics

Recent developments in frequency metrology and optical clocks have been based on electronic transitions in atoms and singly charged ions as references. These systems have enabled relative frequency uncertainties at a level of a few parts in $10^{-18}$. This accomplishment not only allows for extremely accurate time and frequency measurements, but also to probe our understanding of fundamental physics, such as variation of fundamental constants, violation of the local Lorentz invariance, and forces beyond the Standard Model of Physics. In addition, novel clocks are driving the development of sophisticated technical applications. Crucial for applications of clocks in fundamental physics are a high sensitivity to effects beyond the Standard Model and Einstein's Theory of Relativity and a small frequency uncertainty of the clock. Highly charged ions offer both. They have been proposed as highly accurate clocks, since they possess optical transitions which can be extremely narrow and less sensitive to external perturbations compared to current atomic clock species. The selection of highly charged ions in different charge states offers narrow transitions that are among the most sensitive ones for a change in the fine-structure constant and the electron-to-proton mass ratio, as well as other new physics effects. Recent advances in trapping and sympathetic cooling of highly charged ions will in the future enable high accuracy optical spectroscopy. Progress in calculating the properties of selected highly charged ions has allowed the evaluation of systematic shifts and the prediction of the sensitivity to the "new physics" effects. This article reviews the current status of theory and experiment in the field.Comment: 53 pages, 16 figures, submitted to RM

Momordica Cochinchinensis (Lour.) Spreng. (Cucurbitaceae) in culture in vitro

Momordica cochinchinensis (Lour.) Spreng. (Cucurbitaceae) belongs to a group of dioecious plants, forming the seeds with a very strong woody seed coat. To study the possibility of clonic micropropagation of M. cochinchinensis plants, the experiments were carried out by the introduction of this type in culture in vitro, and selecting the most appropriate methods of reproduction

Tsar and his people: power and society in Moscow state during the second half of the 16th century

The article raises the issue about the nature of the relationship between the supreme power and society of the early Russian state. The authors of the article show that this unwritten contract, which was well understood by both parties, who participated in it, functioned well in Russia during the 16th - 17th centuries, and its existence refutes convincingly the Herberstein's passage, who failed to understand the Russian political realities of the early Modern Ag

Legal regulation of interreligious relations in the field of general education: the ratio of public and private interests

In article on the basis of the formal legal analysis of the national legal system and the international jurisprudence the key principles of state legal regulation of the confessional relations in the sphere of the general education are distinguished; the need of their addition and unification at the national level for the purpose of providing the balanced ratio of public and private interests in the context of providing the integrated rights and personal freedoms is demonstrate

Antimicrobial and therapeutic effect of probiotics in cases of experimental purulent wounds

Probiotics based on bacteria of the genus Bacillus with a multifactorial mechanism of action are considered as a possible alternative to antibiotics in the treatment of purulent wounds. The aim of the study was to determine the antimicrobial and therapeutic effect of the Arederma probiotic preparation containing probiotic strains of the genus Bacillus in an experimental model of a purulent wound in animals. The antimicrobial efficacy of the probiotic against test strains and clinical isolates of pathogenic and opportunistic microorganisms was studied using the method of delayed antagonism. Staphylococcus aureus ATCC 6538 and Streptococcus pyogenes K-7 were used to model a purulent wound. From the surface of the wounds, bacteria of Staphylococcus, Streptococcus, Enterobacteriaceae, Pseudomonas genera and Enterobacteriaceae family were sown on appropriate selective media for the cultivation and enumeration of different groups of microorganisms by generally accepted microbiological research methods. The formation of a purulent wound in rabbits caused by mechanical skin damage and subsequent double infection with Staphylococcus aureus ATCC 6538 and Streptococcus pyogenes K-7 strains was accompanied with a pronounced inflammatory process, necrosis, the formation of purulent exudate and general intoxication. Representatives of the genera Staphylococcus and Streptococcus, microscopic fungi and, to a lesser extent, members of the family Enterobacteriaceae and Pseudomonas were found on the surface of purulent wounds, which confirmed the development of the infectious-inflammatory process. Treatment of purulent wounds with a suspension of probiotic preparation once a day for 4 days led to their faster healing (gradual attenuation of the inflammatory process, reduction of edema and discharge, as well as their disappearance) compared with untreated purulent wounds (control). Representatives of the Staphylococcus and Streptococcus genera, as well as microscopic fungi, presented in purulent wounds treated with probiotic preparation in much smaller numbers than in the control, and bacteria of the Pseudomonas genus and the Enterobacteriaceae family were not detected at all. The effective antimicrobial effect of this probiotic preparation against opportunistic and pathogenic microorganisms was confirmed by in vitro studies. Therefore, the Arederma probiotic preparation showed an effective therapeutic and antimicrobial effect in the experimental model of a purulent wound in animals, so it can be recommended for further preclinical and clinical studies

Tax system of the republic of Bulgaria as a destructive factor in state development

This study presents the analysis of the tax system in the Republic of Bulgaria since the country’s accession to the European Union has influenced its development and further economic integration into the global community. The research goal is to analyze the tax policy of the Republic of Bulgaria as a factor in the destructive state development as its taxation needs improvement in terms of tax collection, information security, and data transfer, along with the inefficient structure of direct and indirect taxes. As the hypothesis of the research, the authors considered promising approaches to overcoming the destructive nature of Bulgaria’s state system by developing an effective mechanism of tax policy and improving the tax system in line with the modern condition

Еhe role of educational complexes in the implementation of the partnership model formation of the national qualifications framework

The aim of the study is to define potential of modern educational complexes in the field of formation of national system of qualifications on the basis of interpretation of procedures changes in regulation of social and labour relationsЦель статьи – на основе осмысления изменений в процедурах регулирования социально-трудовых отношений определить потенциал современных образовательных комплексов в области формирования национальной системы квалификаци

Energy levels and lifetimes of Gd IV and enhancement of the electron dipole moment

We have calculated energy levels and lifetimes of 4f7 and 4f6 5d configurations of Gd IV using Hartree-Fock and configuration interaction methods. This allows us to reduce significantly the uncertainty of the theoretical determination of the electron electric dipole moment (EDM) enhancement factor in this ion and, correspondingly, in gadolinium-containing garnets for which such measurements were recently proposed. Our new value for the EDM enhancement factor of Gd+3 is -2.2 +- 0.5. Calculations of energy levels and lifetimes for Eu~III are used to control the accuracy.Comment: Submitted to Phys. Rev. A 6 pages, 0 figures, 3 table

Breit interaction correction to the hyperfine constant of an external s-electron in many-electron atom

Correction to the hyperfine constant $A$ of an external s-electron in many-electron atom caused by the Breit interaction is calculated analytically: $\delta A/A =0.68 Z\alpha^2$. Physical mechanism for this correction is polarization of the internal electronic shells (mainly $1s^2$ shell) by the magnetic field of the external electron. This mechanism is similar to the polarization of vacuum considered by Karplus and Klein long time ago. The similarity is the reason why in both cases (Dirac sea polarization and internal atomic shells polarization) the corrections have the same dependence on the nuclear charge and fine structure constant. In conclusion we also discuss $Z\alpha^2$ corrections to the parity violation effects in atoms.Comment: 8 pages, 2 figure