Skew detection and compensation for Internet audio applications

Long lived audio streams, such as music broadcasts, and small differences in clock rates lead to buffer underflow or overflow events in receiving applications that manifest themselves as audible interruptions. We present a low complexity algorithm for detecting clock skew in network audio applications that function with local clocks and in the absence of a synchronization mechanism. A companion algorithm to perform skew compensation is also presented. The compensation algorithm utilises the temporal redundancy inherent in audio streams to make inaudible playout adjustments. Both algorithms have been implemented in a simulator and in a network audio application. They perform effectively over the range of observed clock rate differences and beyond

Zoospores of the Oyster Pathogen, Dermocystidium marinum. I. Fine Structure of the Conoid and Other Sporozoan-Like Organelles

An apical complex comparable to that found in the Sporozoa is described from zoospores of Dermocystidium marinum Mackin, Owen, and Collier, a pathogen of the American oyster (Crassostrea virginica Gmelin). The complex consists of a conoid, polar ring, up to 39 subplasmalemmal microtubules, rhoptries, and micronemes. Micropores and a subpellicular membrane equivalent were also found. Acid phosphatase activity was found in cisternae of the endoplasmic reticulum, inclusion bodies, and vesicles within the conoid lumen. No polysaccharides were detected in the rhoptries and micronemes using the Thiéry method. Observations indicate that D. marinum is a protozoan in the subphylum Apicomplexa and is most closely related to the coccidian Sporozoasida Leuckart

Alien Registration- Perkins, Birdena O. (Caribou, Aroostook County)

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Shell disease in the gold lip pearl oyster, Pinctada maxima and the Eastern oyster, Crassostrea virginica

A description is provided of the anomalous conchiolin deposits which are formed by Pinctada maxima and which are associated with unusual morta]jties. Comparisons are made with brown ring disease found in Ruditapes philippinarum and juvenile Crassostrea virg inica. In P. maxima, the deposits are not organized into a ring but rather a.re broad-based and result in retraction of the mantle with the deposits lying outside the edge of the mantle. Vibrio sp. have been implicated in causing the di seases of P. max ima and R. philippinarum whereas the etiological agent of the disease in C. virginica is unknown. It is suggested that the coccoid bodies formed in the mantle of C. virginica, but not in affected P. maxima and R. philippinarum, a.re sequestered portions of cytoplasm formed as a result autophagocytosis. Stimuli which could be responsible for inducing sequestration a.re discussed. The ultrastructure of the presumptive autophagosomes is described and compared to similar bodies found in C. gigas infected with a herpes-like V!ruS

Fine-Structure of Haplosporidian Kernstab, a persistent, intranuclear mitotic apparatus

The fine structure of the haplosporidan mitotic apparatus is described from observations of plasmodial nuclei of Minchinia nelsoni, M. costalis, Minchinia sp., and Urosporidium crescens. The apparatus, which is the Kernstab of light-microscope studies, consists of a bundle of microtubules terminating in a spindle pole body (SPB) at each end of the bundle. A few microtubules extend from SPB to SPB, but most either extend from an SPB and terminate in the nucleoplasm or lie in the nucleoplasm, free of either SPB. The bundle lengthens during mitosis, increasing the SPB-to-SPB distance by a factor of 2 to 3 as compared to interphase nuclei. SPBs arc not in contact with the nuclear envelope, being found always in the nucleoplasm which is delimited by the nuclear envelope throughout mitosis. The mitotic apparatus is persistent through interphase, at least in a form which is not significantly different from that found in mitotic nuclei

Formation Of Centriole And Centriole-like Structures During Meiosis And Mitosis In Labyrinthula Sp. (Rhizopodea, Labyrinthulida) - An Electron Microscope Study

The fine structure of mitosis in vegetative cells of the marine protist Labyrinthida was found to involve formation of two approximately spherical, electron-dense aggregates (termed protocentrioles) 200-300 nm in diameter. Spindle microtubules were directly attached to the structures. The aggregates contained centrally located cartwheel structures but no microtubular elements in the form of a centriole-like cylinder. In non-sporulating cells the aggregates occurred only during mitosis or possibly in late interphase cells. During meiotic zoosporulation de novo centriole formation was observed. Vegetative spindle cells, which contained no centrioles, procentrioles, or centriolar plaques, aggregated then changed into approximately round or oval presporangia within sori. Two protocentrioles were formed in the cytoplasm a few hundred nanometres from each nucleus. Microtubules, oriented in astral ray patterns, were attached directly to each of the protocentrioles. Following migration to opposite sides of the nucleus, each of the protocentrioles differentiated into two centrioles attached at the cartwheel or proximal ends in a longitudinally continuous orientation. Binary fission of the paired centrioles (termed bicentrioles) and reorientation yielded a diplosome or an approximate orthogonal orientation of the organelles. Each mature centriole consisted of the usual cylinder of 9 triplet microtubular blades with a cartwheel complex at the proximal end consisting of 5 or 6 tiers of cartwheels. Further centriole replication appeared to occur by orthogonal budding from mature centrioles