Energy flows in the earthquake source before and after the main shock

We proceeded from general physical concepts based, on the one hand, on the Umoff-Poynting theorem, and on the other, on the phenomenological theory of earthquakes, and formulated the following question: What are the directions of energy flows in the earthquake source before and after the formation of a main rupture in it? A non-standard technique for experimental research of this issue has been developed. The epicentral zone of the main shock is considered as a kind of track detector, and foreshocks and aftershocks are considered as marks (tracers) marking the propagation in the source of some factor that has energy and stimulates the excitation of foreshocks and aftershocks in a stressed-strained rock mass. By processing and analyzing a large volume of observation data, it was found that over time, foreshocks, on average, approach the epicenter of the main shock, while aftershocks, on the contrary, move away from the epicenter. A method is indicated for verifying the result by studying the magnitude dependence of foreshock convergence and aftershock divergence. Keywords: foreshock, aftershock, main rupture, evolution equation, nonlinear diffusion waves, fault length

On the proper time of the earthquake source

The concept of proper time, which is different from universal time, has been introduced into the physics of earthquakes. The global activity of strong earthquakes was chosen as the object of study. We consider the sequence of earthquakes as a random process of the Poisson type. Comparatively weak earthquakes are used as the underground clock, the ticking of which marks the course of proper time. The Poisson distribution is compared with the distributions for two sequences of strong earthquakes. One of the sequences is ordered by calendar time, and the second by proper time. The result of the test showed that the distribution of events ordered by proper time is closer to the Poisson distribution than the distribution of events ordered by calendar time. We explain this by non-stationarity, which is an immanent property of the Earth's lithosphere.Comment: 9 pages, 5 figure

Region of Excessive Flux of PeV Cosmic Rays in the Direction Toward Pulsars PSR J1840+5640 and LAT PSR J1836+5925

An analysis of arrival directions of extensive air showers (EAS) registered with the EAS MSU and EAS-1000 prototype arrays has revealed a region of excessive flux of PeV cosmic rays in the direction toward pulsars PSR J1840+5640 and LAT PSR J1836+5925 at significance level up to 4.5sigma. The first of the pulsars was discovered almost 30 years ago and is a well-studied old radio pulsar located at the distance of 1.7pc from the Solar system. The second pulsar belongs to a new type of pulsars, discovered by the space gamma-ray observatory Fermi, pulsations of which are not observed in optical and radio wavelengths but only in the gamma-ray range of energies (gamma-ray-only pulsars). In our opinion, the existence of the region of excessive flux of cosmic rays registered with two different arrays provides a strong evidence that isolated pulsars can give a noticeable contribution to the flux of Galactic cosmic rays in the PeV energy range.Comment: 14 pages; v.2: a few remarks to match a version accepted for Astronomy Letters added. They can be found by redefining the \NEW command in the preamble of the LaTeX fil

О собственном времени очага сильного землетрясения

The physics of earthquakes was contriubuted to by the concept of proper time of the source of a strong earthquake, which is different from universal (calendar) time. The earlier idea of proper time was implicit and has been considered only in relation to the physics of aftershocks. The present paper extends the applicability of the concept of proper time, proposes a possible way of its measuring, and provides an example to illustrate the procedure for sequential ordering of earthquakes by proper time. The object of this study is a global activity of strong (M≥7) earthquakes. We consider the sequence of earthquakes as a Poisson-type random process. Comparatively weak earthquakes are used as the "underground clock", the tick of which marks the proper time. The Poisson distribution is compared with the distributions for two sequences of strong earthquakes. One of the sequences is ordered by universal time, and another - by proper time. The studies indicate the distribution of events ordered by proper time is closer to the Poisson distribution than that of events ordered by universal time. We attribute this to the non-stationarity of the geological medium, which is an immanent property of the Earth's lithosphere.В физику землетрясений введено понятие о собственном времени очага сильного землетрясения, отличном от универсального (календарного) времени. Ранее использовалась идея о собственном времени, но неявно и только лишь в узкой области, относящейся к физике афтершоков. В данной работе расширена область применимости представления о собственном времени, указан возможный способ его измерения и приведен пример, иллюстрирующий процедуру упорядочивания последовательности землетрясений в собственном времени. В качестве объекта исследования выбрана глобальная активность сильных землетрясений (М≥7). Последовательность землетрясений мы рассматриваем как случайный процесс пуассоновского типа. В качестве «подземных часов», тиканье которых отмечает ход собственного времени, использованы сравнительно слабые землетрясения. Распределение Пуассона сопоставлено с распределениями для двух последовательностей сильных землетрясений, одна из которых упорядочена по универсальному времени, а другая - по собственному. Результат испытания показал, что распределение событий, упорядоченных по собственному времени, ближе к распределению Пуассона, чем распределение событий, упорядоченных по универсальному времени. Авторы объясняют это нестационарностью геологической среды, которая является имманентным свойством литосферы Земли

Local Inhomogeneity Effects on Nucleation Process in a High External Bias

Quantum nucleation processes in the presence of local moderate inhomogeneities are studied theoretically at high biases. The quantum nucleation rate Gamma is calculated for one-dimensional systems in a form Gamma = A e^(-B/hbar) by using the `bounce' method. The bias-dependence of the exponent B is shown to be changed by inhomogeneities. This change is explained by the reduction of the effective spatial dimension of the system. By studying the system-size dependence of the prefactor A, the condition for the appearance of inhomogeneity effects is evaluated. Nucleation rates in thermal activation regimes are also calculated, and compared with quantum tunneling regimes. For higher-dimensional systems, it is shown that the local approximation of inhomogeneity does not hold, and that spatial profiles of inhomogeneity become important.Comment: 10 pages, 6 figure

Internal Structure of Einstein-Yang-Mills Black Holes

It is shown that a generic black hole solution of the SU(2) Einstein-Yang-Mills equations develops a new type of an infinitely oscillating behavior near the singularity. Only for certain discrete values of the event horizon radius exceptional solutions exist, possessing an inner structure of the Schwarzschild or Reissner-Nordstrom type.Comment: 4.5 LaTeX pages, 8 eps figures, uses RevTeX, boxedeps.tex. 4 more typos fixed, a footnote adde

Quantum Pair Creation of Soliton Domain Walls

A large body of experimental evidence suggests that the decay of the false vacuum, accompanied by quantum pair creation of soliton domain walls, can occur in a variety of condensed matter systems. Examples include nucleation of charge soliton pairs in density waves [eg. J. H. Miller, Jr. et al., Phys. Rev. Lett. 84, 1555 (2000)] and flux soliton pairs in long Josephon junctions. Recently, Dias and Lemos [J. Math. Phys. 42, 3292 (2001)] have argued that the mass $m$ of the soliton should be interpreted as a line density and a surface density, respectively, for (2+1)-D and (3+1)-D systems in the expression for the pair production rate. As the transverse dimensions are increased and the total mass (energy) becomes large, thermal activation becomes suppressed, so quantum processes can dominate even at relatively high temperatures. This paper will discuss both experimental evidence and theoretical arguments for the existence of high-temperature collective quantum phenomena