Antibacterial Activities From Jangkang (Homalocladium Platycladum (F. Muell) Bailey) Leaves

Jangkang (Homalocladium platycladum (F. Muell) Bailey) is ashrub under the Polygonaceae family and grows throughout Indonesia. Thisplant has been traditionally used to relief pain, to cure skin infection and hasantiinflamatory activity. Phytochemical studies showed that this speciescontains saponin, flavonoid and tannin. The aim of this research is to findout antibacterial activities of several extract from jangkang leaves againstGram positive bacteria (Staphylococcus aureus dan Bacillus subtilis) andGram negative bacteria (Escherichia coli dan Salmonella typhi).The dried ground leaves (300.04 gram) were macerated withpetroleum ether, chloroform and methanol respectively. Petroleum ether,chloroform and methanol extracts were obtained after evaporation of thesolvents. The extracts tested for their antibacterial activities using agardiffusion method aided by paper disks in order to find out the inhibitory areadiameters.The result showed that petroleum ether extract did not inhibited thegrowth of bacteria but chloroform and metanol extracts show antibacterialactivity except at E. coli. Chloroform extract shows inhibition zone againstbacteria at concentration of 1000 μg/disk while methanol extract atconcentration of 500 μg/disk

Uji Aktivitas Antibakteri Ekstrak Etanol Daun Jarak Pagar (Jatropha Curcas L) Terhadap Bakteri Staphylococcus Aureus Atcc 25923, Escherichia Coli Atcc 25922, Dan Salmonella Typhi Atcc 1408

Jatropha curcas L is a plant species that can be used for curing, since it contains flavonoid, saponin, and tanin. Jatropha multifida L is proved to have antibacterial activities (Sisunandar, et.al., 2002). This research was intended to find out the antibacterial activities of ethanol extracts of Jatropha curcas L leaves on bacteria Staphylococus aureus, Escherichia coli, and Salmonella typhi, find out the effectiveness of those antibacterial activities and identify the compound groups contained in the ethanol extracts, the result of antibacterial activity of ethanol extracts of Jatropha curcas L was analized by statistic. Employing a maceration method, Jatropha curcas L leaves were extracted using ethanol 70% for five days. Employing an agar-diffusion method aided by disk papers and in order to find out the inhibitory area diameters of the extracts, the extracts were then tested for their antibacterial activities. Qualitative analysis on the chemical contents of the extracts were conducted employing. TLC method aided by silica-gel stationary phases for saponin and tanin and cellulose phases for flavonoid. The motion phases used ethyl acetat-acidformiat-acid acetat-water for flavonoid, chloroform-methanol for saponin and buthanol-acid acetat-water for tanin. The result of the test on antibacterial activities were analyzed statistically using Kruskall Wallis and Mann & Whitney tests. The analysis showed that ethanol extracts of the Jatropha curcas L leaves inhibited the growth of Staphylococcus aureus but not the growth of Eschericia coli and Salmonella typhi. The testing concentrations of 20%, 40%, 60%, 80%, and 100% b/v produed inhibitory area diameters averaging 8.25, 9.25, 11.00, 13.25, and 19.00 mm respectively. The positive control of Ampicillin produced an average inhibitory area diameters of 40.00 mm while the solvent control did not produce any inhibitory area diameters. Statistical test showed that there were significant differences among the different concentrations of the extracts.Thin Layer Chromatography tests produced yellow color showing the existence of flavonoid, bluish violet color showing the existence of saponin, and grayish green color showing the existence of tanin

Uji Aktivitas Antibakteri Fraksi Kloroform Ekstrak Etanol Pegagan (Centella Asiatica (L) Urb) Serta Identifikasi Senyawa Aktifnya

Penyakit infeksi merupakan penyakit yang banyak diderita oleh masyarakat dan terus berkembang dari waktu ke waktu dalam dunia kesehatan. Ekstrak etanol pegagan (Centella asiatica (L) Urb) memiliki aktivitas antimikroba yang lebih baik daripada ekstrak petroleum eter dan air (Jagtap et al., 2009). Penelitian ini bertujuan untuk mengetahui ada atau tidaknya aktivitas antibakteri fraksi kloroform dari ekstrak etanol pegagan terhadap bakteri Gram positif (S. aureus dan B. subtilis) dan Gram negatif (E. coli, P. aeruginosa dan S. typhi), mengetahui besarnya aktivitas antibakteri dari fraksi kloroform tersebut dan mengidentifikasi golongan senyawa yang terkandung dalam fraksi tersebut. Ekstrak etanol pegagan diperoleh dengan menyari simplisia menggunakan penyari etanol 96% secara sokletasi, lalu diuapkan dengan rotary evaporator. Ekstrak tersebut kemudian difraksinasi bertingkat dengan pelarut n-heksan dan kloroform. Fraksi kloroform yang diperoleh diuapkan hingga kekentalan sekitar 300 cps kemudian dilarutkan dalam DMSO, konsentrasi yang digunakan adalah 2063; 1031,5; 515,7; 257,8; 128,9 µg/disk. Aktivitas antibakteri dilakukan secara difusi agar, identifikasi senyawa aktif menggunakan metode Kromatografi Lapis Tipis (KLT). Fraksi kloroform memiliki aktivitas antibakteri terhadap B. Subtilis dan P.aeruginosa, tetapi tidak memiliki aktivitas antibakteri terhadap S. aureus, E. coli dan S. typhi. Fraksi kloroform tersebut dapat menghambat B. subtilis pada konsentrasi 257,8; 515,7; 1031,5; 2063 µg/disk dengan DDH berturut-turut sebesar 7,50; 7,86; 8,63; 9,76 mm, sedangkan P.aeruginosa pada konsentrasi 515,7; 1031,5; 2063 µg/disk dengan DDH berturut-turut sebesar 8,10; 9,10; 10,20 mm. Fraksi kloroform tersebut mengandung senyawa fenol dan terpenoid

Evaluasi Sistem Pengelolaan Obat Instalasi Perbekalan Farmasi Dinas Kesehatan Kota Semarang Tahun 2007

Drug management is an activity covering planning, provision, storing, distributing, administering andrecording or reporting on the drug used. The purpose of this research was to evaluate the management of the drugsin Departement of Pharmacy Inventories (DPI) of Semarang Health Office (SHO).This research was non-experimetal in nature in which the needed data were collected retrospectively. Thecollected data were in the forms of records on the drugs plans, Records on the Use dan Requests of Drugs (RURD)and results of interviews to the DPI head. The evaluation on the drug management used eleven indicators providedby the fixed procedures for drug management in Central Java province. The data were converted into percentages andrupiah values, which were then analyzed descriptively.The analyses showed that the drug management by DPI during the period of 2007 had produced effectiveresults as indicated by an effectiveness level of 97,59% for the drug provision, a accuracy level of 98,19% for drugplanning, an effectiveness level of 89,76% for safe provision of the drugs, a conformity level of 100% for the drugitems to the DOEN, a percentage of 0% for average drug supply, a percentage of 2,46% for the times during whichthere was a status of empty for the drug, an abuse level of 8,35% for the miss-distribution of the drugs, a percentageof 3,15% for non-prescription drugs, a percentage of 1,57% for expired drugs with a financial value of Rp.10.094.590 and a percentage of 3,94% for broken drugs with a financial cost of Rp. 43 2.537and a accuracy level of46,62% for delivery t imes for RURD

Uji Kandungan Bakteri Escherichia Coli Pada Air Minum Isi Ulang Dari Depot Air Minum Isi Ulang Di Kabupaten Rembang Testing of Escherichia Coli Bacteria Content in Drinking Water Refill From Drinking Water Refill Depot in Rembang Sub-district

Water refill is water that has through purification processes both Ultraviolet and ionization, by many stages of filtration to obtain clean water, in order to provide human needs. This research performed by Athena, et.al., (2003) to shows that Total Coli and Escherichia coli in high-enough amounts inside water refill from water refill depot (DAMIU) in Jakarta, Tangerang, and Bekasi. There are many efforts related with this water refill that causes DAMIU developed rapidly, so that required monitoring improvement because water is the primary needs of human being. This research aims to identify Escherichia coli bacteria content that exist in drinking water of water refill from DAMIU in Rembang Sub district. This research is survey type, equipped with microbiology test using MPN method (Most Probable Number). The populations are 25 DAMIU in Rembang sub-district. Data analysis performed descriptively. Test, conducted by water refill sampling, which produced by DAMIU in Rembang sub-district. The testing includes: approximation test using Lactosa Broth (LB) medium, confirmation test using Briliant Green Lactose Bile Broth (BGLB) medium, complementary test using Mc. Conkey medium and Gram painting was performed to identify bacteria types using microscope by 100 times magnification, and Biochemistry test that is IMVIC (Indol, Methyl-Red, Voges Proskauer, and Citrat). In water refill which produced by DAMIU in Rembang Sub district, there is 1 sample (4%) with MPN value of E. coli 13/100 ml and Coliform MPN 21/100 ml, does not fulfill the bacteriology requirements of drinking water quality, according to Health Minister Decree No.907/MENKES/SK/VII/2002 : ³The existence of E.Coli bacteria 0/100 ml sample´, while 24 samples has fulfill the requirements, with MPN value of E.Coli and Coliform < 2, so that it safe and ready to consume

Aktivitas Stimulansia Ekstrak Etanol Bunga Dan Daun Cengkeh (Syzygium Aromaticum (L) Merr. & Perry.) Pada Mencit Jantan Galur Swiss Beserta Identifikasi Golongan Senyawa Aktifnya

Keywords : Cloves' buds and leaves (Syzygium aromaticum (L) Merr. & Perry.) ethanol extracts, stimulant, locomotoric activity, hole-board, open field, terpenoid, alkaloids One of the clove properties is as a stimulant. The purposes of this experimental study were to investigate stimulant effect of clove's buds and leaves ethanol extracts through locomotoric activity studies on male Swiss strain mice and to identify its active compounds. The experiment was performed with pretest and posttest control group design. Thirty two mice ware divided into eight treatment groups. Locomotoric activity study was performed with hole-board and open-field method. Mice in group I (negative control) provide orally CMC-Na 1% 25 mL/kg BW. Mice in group II (caffeine group) provided orally caffeine 25 mg/kg BW. Six other treatment groups provide clove's buds and leaves ethanol extracts (100, 200, and 400) mg/kg BW respectively. Frequency of mice head-deeping into holes in the floor and duration of movement in 5 minutes were accessed before and after treatment with extract. Data analyzed using paired-sample T test (p: 0.95). The result showed clove's buds and leaves ethanol extracts to have stimulant properties on male Swiss strain mice through enhancing locomotoric activity in hole-board method (p0.05). Terpenoid and alkaloid active compounds in clove's buds and leaves ethanol extracts though to play an important role in enhancing male Swiss strain mice locomotoric activities

Antibacterial Activities of Ethyl Acetate Fraction of Methanol Extract From Sosor Bebek Leaves (Kalanchoe Pinnata Pers.)

Kalanchoe pinnata Pers. is one of the famous herbal in Indonesiathat has been used traditionally to treat diarrhea and dysentery. Akinsulire etal., (2007) proved the antibacterial effects of metanolic extract fromKalanchoe pinnata Pers. leaves, and its sensitive to Gram positive andnegative bacteria. Aims of this research are to find out antibacterialactivities of ethyl acetate fraction of methanolic extract from Kalanchoepinnata Pers. leaves to Gram positive bacteria (Staphylococcus aureus,Bacillus subtilis) and Gram negative bacteria (Pseudomonas aeruginosa,Escherichia coli, Salmonella typhi), to determine Minimum InhibitoryConcentration (MIC) of the fraction, and to find out the active chemicalsubstance of the fraction.Methanolic extract of Kalanchoe pinnata Pers. leaves was made byusing maceration method, then the extract was partitioned gradually byusing hexane, chloroform, diethyl ether and ethyl acetate. Ethyl acetatefraction was examinated in vitro according to turbidimetry methods.Concentrations of the fraction were 256, 192, 160, 128, 96, 64, 32 and 16mg/ml. The active chemical substance of the fraction was identified by ThinLayer Chromatography (TLC) method.The result of this research shows the antibacterial activities of ethylacetate fraction of methanolic extract from Kalanchoe pinnata Pers. leavesboth to Gram positive bacteria and Gram negative bacteria. MIC value ofthe fraction to Gram positive bacteria (Staphylococcus aureus, Bacillussubtilis) is 192 mg/ml, and Gram negative bacteria which are Escherichiacoli ATCC 25922 and Pseudomonas aeruginosa is 192 mg/ml, but the MICvalue to Salmonella typhi is 128 mg/ml. TLC identification show that thefraction contains flavonoid

Pemeriksaan Angka Kuman Dan Jamur Serta Identifikasinya Pada Jamu Gendong Temu Ireng Dan Kunyit Asam Di Kecamatan Gajahmungkur Semarang

The herbal tonic is a product made from natural ingredients processed in traditional ways. A traditional herb made from Temu Ireng (Curcuma aeruginosa) is a kind of herb that still consumed by relatively many Indonesian citizens for enhanching appetite and acid turmeric often consumed by female for reducing the problems when they get haid. However, bacteria and fungi might grow in this traditional herb because of contaminated water (the diluting agent) and moisture, hygiene and sanitation factors. This study, therefore, was intended to find out the quantities and the species of these bacteria and fungi growing in the herb as it is sold in Gajah Mungkur district of Semarang City. This study also intended to compare these quantities to the prevailing standard stipulated. The samples for this study were taken from 36 producers Temu Ireng and acid turmeric herb, located in Gajah Mungkur District. The medium used for growing the material in an aerobic manner was PCA (Plate Count Agar), that used for growing in an anaerobic manner were TSA (Tripticase Soya Agar) and that used for growing the fungi were PDA (Potato Dextrose Agar). For counting the bacteria, we used the method of Standard Plate Count, for identifying the bacteria we used Gram Painting and chemical tested, and for identifying the fungi we used a 100-times amplifying microscope. The analysis showed in the sample Temu Ireng and acid turmeric are the average number of bacteria at the aerobic media were 7,4 x 106 and 2,1 x 105 CFU/ml, the average number of bacteria at the anaerobic media were 4,2 x 102 and 4,3 x 102 CFU/ml, the average number of fungi were 1,5 x 102 and 1,0 x 102 CFU/ml. The aerobic bacteria found in the study were Staphylococcus aureus, Escherichia coli, Salmonella typhi, Pseudomonas aeruginosa, the anaerobic bacteria was peptococcus, and the fungi were Penisillium, Moniliaceae, A. Niger, dan Rhizopus. Nearly all samples examined in this study did not meet the conditions based on statement Indonesia Minister of Health No 661/MENKES/SK/VII/1994 because they exceeded the upper limit bacteria (104 CFU/ml) and also contain pathogenic bacterias. However, the number of fungi did not exceed the prevailing standard

Penelusuran Potensi Fraksi N-heksan Dan Etil Asetat Dari Ekstrak Metanol Daun Gugur Ketapang (Terminalia Catappa L.) Sebagai Antidiare

Daun ketapang (Terminalia catappa L.). secara empiris digunakan sebagai obat diare. Bakteri yang dapat menyebabkan diare adalah E. coli dan S. aureus. Beberapa penelitian melaporkan bahwa ekstrak metanol daun ketapang memiliki aktivitas antibakteri, serta daun gugur ketapang memiliki aktivitas antibakteri lebih besar daripada daun hijau. Daun ketapang mengandung senyawa golongan flavonoid, tanin dan terpenoid. Penelitian ini bertujuan untuk menelusuri potensi fraksi n-heksan dan etil asetat dari ekstrak metanol daun gugur ketapang segar dan kering sebagai antidiare, serta mengidentifikasi senyawa aktif dalam fraksi tersebut. Bahan yang digunakan adalah daun gugur segar dan kering ketapang yang disari dengan pelarut metanol menggunakan metode maserasi dan difraksinasi secara bertingkat dengan pelarut n-heksan dan etil asetat (EA). Kedua fraksi tersebut kemudian diuji aktivitas antibakterinya terhadap E. coli dan S. aureus menggunakan metode difusi agar, dengan seri konsentrasi 1000; 500; 250; 125; dan 62,5 µg/disk. Identifikasi senyawa aktif menggunakan metode Kromatografi Lapis Tipis (KLT). Kedua fraksi uji mempunyai aktivitas antibakteri terhadap E. coli dan S. aureus mulai konsentrasi 62,5 µg/disk. Hasil KLT fraksi n-heksan menunjukkan adanya senyawa terpenoid sedangkan fraksi EA mengandung senyawa flavonoid