Les corps mythiques de Sony Labou Tansi : figuration et « mnémotopie »

À partir des concepts de figuration et de « mnémotopie », cet article aborde la question du corps dans son rapport à la mémoire chez Sony Labou Tansi. Plus qu’un simple motif narratif lisible dans l’espace symbolique de la représentation du pouvoir, le corps se révèle comme un élément constitutif de la poétique sonyenne. Objet comme espace de l’écriture, il s’insère entre l’archive, le document et le monument sans pour autant faillir à ce qui semble sa vocation première, celle d’être un musée de la douleur, le lieu où se rencontrent le présent et le passé en anticipant sur le futur dans ses multiples possibilités de réalisation.Based on the concepts of figuration and mnémotopie, this article examines the relation of the body to memory in the works of Sony Labou Tansi. More than a simple narrative motif in the symbolic space of power and its representations, the body is a constitutive element of Tansi’s poetics. An object, and also a writing space, the body positions itself at an equal distance from the archive, the document and the monument. Yet it also remains a museum of pain, the space where the present and past meet as the body anticipates the future and its myriad possibilities

BRICS’ Implications on International Business and World Governance, “Indictment of the Relations Established Between the Center and the Periphery”

BRICS countries are set to alter the current structures and norms of global governance in two ways. First, the world semi-periphery that includes the BRICS becomes new and competitive partners of the core and the periphery. As such, the old trade relations that existed between the core and the periphery change, to the detriment of the core countries. Second, and most importantly, the semi-periphery for historical reasons and other convictions, they are committed to infrastructure development in the periphery.  Infrastructure developments projects in the periphery countries will, as argued in this paper, in the medium to long term lead to industrialization of the periphery countries. The impact of that industrialization will be that those countries will not continue to export raw material to the core and import finished goods. They will use the raw material to feed their infant industries. Ultimately that new relationship will result in empowered countries in the periphery and weakened countries of the core, a power relationship that will become the foundation for the establishment of new structures and norms of global governance. This paper maintains that the BRICS will meaningfully impact the current contested Eurocentric system of world governance and will play a significant role in establishing new structures and norms that will guide future world governance, if the block grows stronger

Comparative Critical Analysis of Educational Policies of Finland and Estonia

The present paper aimed at conducting a critical and comparative policy analysis of Finland and Estonia. The analysis based on the Education Policy Outlook profiles published by the OECD (2021). The latter is specialized in evaluating nations with the aim of inspiring national policies for better lives. Specifically, the analyzed profiles are of the year 2020 and OECD’s six policy levers (equity and quality, preparation to the future, school improvement, governance, funding, and evaluation and assessment) provided a framework for analysis. Finland has been selected for comparison and contrast as it is considered to be a high performing European Union member as well as a developed economy whereas Estonia, has been selected due its uniqueness as a small country (45,227 km2) with a small number of the population (1.325 million), and multi-languages usage as mediums of instruction (Estonian and Russian). The types of secondary data and evidences in this critical analysis were mainly fetched from OECD reports as well as journal articles. Specific policies which have been very useful for such analysis are education policies of Estonia and those of Finland. Compared to OECD countries, the equity and quality of educational policies in Estonia are stronger at 79% but compared to Finland, the latter is ranked among the highest in the OECD as far as students’ learning outcomes in Science (81%), Mathematics (86%), and Reading (91%) are concerned. Conversely, in Finland, however, drop-out rates from secondary education are relatively high among boys (0.7%). Additionally, a highly-selective tertiary admission system has contributed to both delay to universities entry (generally at 24 years compared to the average of OECD which is 22 years) and the delay in labor market entry as the average duration of tertiary education is 6.5 years compared to 5 years among OECD countries. Some of the key strengths in Finland, as far as evaluation and assessment are concerned, include institutional and student’s self-evaluation and an improved-focused on evaluation and assessment at a percentage of 76%. However, some challenges also exist: Teachers need more support in designing students’ assessment practices and a central guidance is deemed useful for teachers and school-leaders appraisal. As members of European Union and OECD, Estonia and Finland have in common some education features and policies at different levels which seem to be not too different. The investment made in education especially regarding the expenditure per student per annuum are proportionally related to the total number of population (which is generally not too much); the geographical size as well as the national GDP. Keywords: Education, policies, comparison, analysis DOI: 10.7176/JEP/12-15-10 Publication date:May 31st 202

Epidemiology of soccer-related injuries among male high school players in Kigali, Rwanda

Soccer in Rwandan high schools can expose players to the risk of injury warranting prevention programmes. The aim of this study was to determine the type, causes, severity and management of injuries among high school soccer players in Rwanda, in order to obtain baseline data for injury prevention programmes. A cross-sectional study was used to obtain the relevant information. A total of 360 high school soccer players were targetted. Data for soccer players were gathered, using a validated closed-ended questionnaire. Information was obtained from the players during training sessions at the schools after informed consent was obtained. The soccer players were all males aged 11 to 26 years, with a mean age of 16.8 years (SD= 3.4). The study revealed a 75% injury prevalence, with a significantly high rate of injuries occurring during competiton (p< 0.05). The lower extremities accounted for 78% of all injuries sustained, and most of the injuries were not severe. Management of injuries was poor. The epidemiology and risk factors of soccer-related injuries among Rwandan high school soccer players demonstrates the need for urgent implementation of prevention programmes. There is a clear need for education as part of the injury prevention and mangement programmes.Department of HE and Training approved lis

Effect of Strategic Alliances on The Performance of Microfinance Institutions in Rwanda.

The study assessed the effect of strategic alliance on the performance of Microfinance Institutions in Rwanda. The objectives of the study were; to examine the effect of technology alliances on MFIs’ performance, to assess the effect of marketing alliances on MFI’s performance, and to determine the effect of products and services alliances on the performance of MFIs. The population was 491 MFIs, and a sample size of 220 was decided using Slovene’s formula. Primary data was collected using structured questionnaires. Structural Equation Modelling (SEM) was used to establish the relationship between the dependent variable, the independent and mediating variable. The data collected were analyzed through STATA software. The results for skewness (-3 to +3) and kurtosis (-10 to +10) were within the acceptable range for all variables. The SEM results revealed that strategic technological alliance with an R2 of 0.5834 was not significant while strategic marketing alliance with an R2 of 0.77 and product and service alliance with an R2 of 0.99 were both significantly related to the microfinance institution's performance. The p-value for the first null hypothesis showed that the results were not significant (p =0.54) meaning that there was no significant relationship between technological alliance and the performance of MFIs. Further, the mediating effect of strategic alliance management on the three protector variables was found to contribute highly to a total effect of the technological alliance, marketing alliance, product and services alliance. It was recommended that engagement in business alone may not be enough to improve organizations ‘performance thus the formulation of strategic alliance is indispensable in the business world context. Keywords: Strategic Alliances, Marketing Alliances, Microfinance Institutions, Microfinance Institution

The Importance of Information, System and Service Quality of E-commerce Website on Customer Satisfaction and Loyalty in Bangladesh

Online business is gaining momentum day by day in the world and in Bangladesh in general, the number of e-commerce businesses is constantly increasing which is the result of how the technology and how it is being done is getting better. Guided by the purpose of this study “Examining the importance of information quality, system quality and service quality of electronic commerce websites to the customer satisfaction and loyalty in Bangladesh”, research has conducted based on knowing the relationship between website quality and customer satisfaction and loyalty. With the help of 450 participants, this study found that young people participated in online shopping more than other categories of residents in Dhaka, the Capital city of Bangladesh where the survey was conducted. Another finding of this study is that both under-graduates and post-graduates are highly involved. Most online shoppers have shown that they do it at least once a month, with 37.8 percent doing it. To find out the relationship between (information quality, system quality, and service quality) and customer satisfaction and loyalty, SPSS (16.0) was used and the study found that all factors of website quality have a strong and direct relationship to satisfaction and loyalty of customers and results also find that satisfaction is closely related to loyalty. Current research has advised online business owners to pay close attention to all factors of website quality as they are more important factors in satisfying customers, attracting new customers and expanding or promoting e-commerce in general. Keywords: Information Quality, System Quality, Service Quality, Customer Satisfaction, Customer loyalty. DOI: 10.7176/EJBM/12-14-11 Publication date:May 31st 202

Occupational Therapy Role in Improving Health and Slowing down age-related declines: A systematic review

Background From a global perspective, aging people from 60 years and over were 962 million in 2017 and it is expected to reach 2.1 billion by 2050. When elderly people are not engaged in daily life, they become physically, socially and mentally impaired. The occupation-based interventions in elderly people improve their health and self-satisfaction in daily activities. Objective The aim was to analyse the role of Occupational Therapy in improving health and slowing down age-related declines. Methods The study was a systematic review of literature. Information on Occupational Therapy interventions was systematically searched from Cochrane library, MEDLINE and EMBASE database publications. The selection process of the studies was documented using PRISMA guidelines for intervention protocols. Results Literature search yielded 68 titles of relevant records. Of these five studies met inclusion criteria. One study explored the difference between group intervention and individual intervention; the results favoured group intervention. Comparison of Inter-professional approach with Occupational Therapy, the results favoured inter-professional practice in this population. Conclusions Occupational Therapy interventions seem to be effective in slowing down age related declines. However due to the heterogeneity in the intervention procedures, and duration of intervention, we suggest rigorous RCTS be undertaken to confirm that OT interventions delay age related declines. Rwanda J Med Health Sci 2022;5(3):350-36

Right to a Fair Trial in the Administration of Criminal Justice in Rwanda

The judicial system in a democratic society must comply with certain minimum standards for the administration of criminal justice. In international law, these standards are embedded in the right to a fair trial, which is absolutely the most important prerequisite for ensuring justice in the settlement of cases. This thesis critically analyses the extent to which Rwandan criminal judicial system complies with the right to a fair trial. The study focuses on the risk of failure of Rwandan legislator, government and judiciary to properly address the increasing potential risk of losing effective justice in a way provided by fair trial standards. It examines fair trial theories; the examination of the right to a fair trial under Rwandan law; the compliance of Rwanda’s criminal justice legal framework and the administration of criminal justice with the international standards of the right to a fair trial. The thesis used doctrinal method supplemented by empirical methods to collect primary and secondary data. Data analysis was guided by the stated research questions. Findings showed that despite attempts to reform and domesticate international conventions and agreements, Rwandan criminal judicial system still largely falls far too short of complying with the international human rights obligations related to the right to a fair trial. The thesis highlights the areas that need reform and provides recommendations which can help to make Rwandan judicial system, particularly criminal justice, compliant with the country’s international human rights obligations concerning the right to a fair trial. This study recommends that the current legal framework should be reformed and different policies and legal measures should be considered for improvement of the Rwanda’s criminal justice system

The epidemiology of, and risk factors to soccer related injuries among male high school student soccer players in Kigali, Rwanda

Magister Scientiae (Physiotherapy) - MSc(Physio)Soccer is the most popular sport in the world with 270 million active soccer players. Among all sports, soccer causes many injuries in high school players. Soccer injuries are due to the influence of intrinsic risk factors like age, the immature musculoskeletal system, previous injuries, overuse injuries, inadequate rehabilitation, aerobic fitness, body size, limb dominance, flexibility, muscle strength, muscle imbalance and reaction time, level of competition, skill level and extrinsic risk factors like use of protective equipment, playing surface and shoes type. Information on soccer injuries can help in preparing proper preventing programs in high schools. Despite the importance in providing enough information, no study has been done on soccer related injuries in Rwandan high schools. The aim of this study was to determine the epidemiology of, and risk factors to soccer related injuries among male high school student soccer players in Kigali, Rwanda. A cross-sectional retrospective quantitative study design using quantitative method is used. Among 30 high schools identified in Kigali only 12 had male soccer teams. All 12 teams participated in this study with 336 soccer players. A self-administered questionnaire using closed-ended questions was used. SPSS software program 19.0 version was used for data analysis. Descriptive statistics were used to analyze the data. Inferential statistics such as cross-tabulations were used to test for significant risk factors contributing to injuries. Chi-square test was used to test for significant relationship between risk factors and injuries at level of significance p-value<0.05. Permission and ethical clearance was requested from Senate Research Grant and Study Leave Committee (UWC) and the Ministry of Education. Informed consent were signed by participants and the parents of those who were under 18 years. Participation was voluntary and participants could withdraw from the study at any time. The injury prevalence was high during matches (77.5%) compared to training (32.5%).The ankle was the most affected joint (26.6%). Defenders were the most affected players (22.6%). The majority of injuries were the result of collision (24.2%). The majority of participants did not perform warming-up and cooling-down exercise during training (71.2%) and during matches (56.3%). Most of participants did not wear protective equipment (61.6%). Of those who did, only 7% wore it always. A significant number of injuries occurred because no protective equipment was worn. Only 33.7% soccer players received professional injury management. Of the 33.7% that received professional management, only 39% were medically cleared to return to play. The results of the study confirm that many Rwandan high school soccer players sustain more injuries during match sessions. The poor performance of warm-up and cooling-down, starting age, surface condition and not using protective equipment are significant risk factors for injury in male soccer players in high school. The study highlighted the need to start prevention efforts at club level in order to curtail the high injury prevalence at provincial and national levels