The Jeanes Supervisory Program As It Affected The Administration And Supervision Of The Rural Schools And Rural Communities Of Montgomery County Over A Period Of Three Years 1934-1937

Before beginning a discussion that places so much emphasis on rural schools, I think a definition of the term, rural school, is essential. The rural school, as here understood, is one which is primarily concerned with the education of children on farms. The typical rural school is of the one-teacher type, although schools employing several teachers may well be included. The function of the rural school, The objective of all effort for the improvement of rural education, must be if we hold allegiance to our American ideals, that the educational opportunities provided for children living in rural areas of our country be made the equivalent of those offered to children living in the most favored urban communities. The primary function of the rural school is explicitly recognized to be the provision of a standard education for rural children and youth, to which all other efforts are to be subordinated. This is the chief community service of the school as well as its fundamental educational objective. The best service of the school to the community, in other words, must always be found in the proper discharge of its specific educational function, that is, in making itself a good school for the education of its pupils. Method of Securing Information: - In order to get a definite basis for formulating a supervisory program, it was very necessary to make a detailed study of the existing conditions of the schools and homes in the rural communities of Montgomery County. The study was limited to fourteen rural schools ranging from the one-type teacher school to schools employing as many as eight or more teachers, fourteen rural communities in which these schools are located, and the teachers who were employed in these schools

NEETs in Latin America and the Caribbean: Skills, Aspirations, and Information

This paper studies the role of cognitive skills, socioemotional skills, aspirations and expectations on the likelihood of being NEET (not in education, employment or training) using a novel sample of 15 to 24 year old residents of seven Latin American and Caribbean countries. After controlling for sociodemographic household conditions, we find that numeracy and literacy skills, core self‐evaluation, extraversion and educational aspirations are robust correlates of being NEET. We also find cross country heterogeneity. That is, in some countries, passion and perseverance for long‐term goals, neuroticism and labour market information biases are additional factors associated with being NEET

A Numerical Study of Fuel Stratification, Heat Transfer Loss, Combustion, and Emissions Characteristics of a Heavy- Duty RCCI Engine Fueled by E85/Diesel

Reactivity-controlled compression ignition is a new advanced combustion strategy developed to reach cleaner and more efficient combustion by controlling fuel stratification inside the engine cylin-der and reducing heat loss. While its potential to produce high efficiency and low emissions and to reach higher loads than other Low-Temperature Combustion strategies (LTC) has been confirmed numerous times, its operating range is still limited to moderate loads. One potential solution to in-crease the operating range is using E85 fuel as the premixed fuel due to the potential of providing a longer combustion duration. This work will focus on developing a computational fluid dynamics (CFD) model for a reactivity-controlled compression ignition (RCCI) engine fueled by E85/diesel with a double step piston bowl geometry. The model is used to investigate the effects of four differ-ent design parameters, namely injection timing, boost pressure, initial temperature, and spray in-cluded angle, to identify their impact on all crucial parameters describing combustion i.e. the strati-fication level, heat loss, and emissions characteristics. It has been found that the start of injection affects the fuel stratification levels inside the cylinder, with the optimum location for efficiency lo-cated in the moderate stratified region. The boost pressure mainly influences the mean gas tem-perature, the start of combustion, combustion duration, and the recession time of the Heat Release Rate (HRR) curve. It is found that the boost pressure does not have an influence on the heat loss of the engine and the heat loss is more correlated to flame temperature than the average tempera-ture. It is also proven that the boost pressure could assist in the suppression of NOx, but when the intake pressure is too high, the thermal efficiency drops. Furthermore, the results show that the ini-tial temperature is preferred to be as low as possible but sufficiently high enough to burn all the in-troduced fuel. Intake temperature alters the HRR shape and combustion duration significantly. Last-ly, it is found that the combination of the spray included angle and piston bowl geometry can sub-stantially determine the way the flame is formed and its location. The study on the effect of spray angle provides essential insights on the origin of unburned hydrocarbon emission, HRR shape, and heat loss

Experimental Transmission of African Swine Fever (ASF) Low Virulent Isolate NH/P68 by Surviving Pigs

African swine fever (ASF) has persisted in Eastern Europe since 2007, and two endemic zones have been identified in the central and southern parts of the Russian Federation. Moderate- to low-virulent ASF virus isolates are known to circulate in endemic ASF-affected regions. To improve our knowledge of virus transmission in animals recovered from ASF virus infection, an experimental in vivo study was carried out. Four domestic pigs were inoculated with the NH/P68 ASF virus, previously characterized to develop a chronic form of ASF. Two additional in-contact pigs were introduced at 72 days post-inoculation (dpi) in the same box for virus exposure. The inoculated pigs developed a mild form of the disease, and the virus was isolated from tissues in the inoculated pigs up to 99 dpi (pigs were euthanized at 36, 65, 99 and 134 dpi). In-contact pigs showed mild or no clinical signs, but did become seropositive, and a transient viraemia was detected at 28 days post-exposure (dpe), thereby confirming late virus transmission from the inoculated pigs. Virus transmission to in-contact pigs occurred at four weeks post-exposure, over three months after the primary infection. These results highlight the potential role of survivor pigs in disease maintenance and dissemination in areas where moderate- to low-virulent viruses may be circulating undetected. This study will help design better and more effective control programmes to fight against this disease.EU project, ASFORCE Targeted Research Effort on African Swine Fever (KBBE.2012.1.3-02, 311931) and the European Union Reference laboratory for ASF (grant no UE- LR PPA/03).Peer Reviewe

Sense and sensitivity of double beta decay experiments

The search for neutrinoless double beta decay is a very active field in which the number of proposals for next-generation experiments has proliferated. In this paper we attempt to address both the sense and the sensitivity of such proposals. Sensitivity comes first, by means of proposing a simple and unambiguous statistical recipe to derive the sensitivity to a putative Majorana neutrino mass, m_bb. In order to make sense of how the different experimental approaches compare, we apply this recipe to a selection of proposals, comparing the resulting sensitivities. We also propose a "physics-motivated range" (PMR) of the nuclear matrix elements as a unifying criterium between the different nuclear models. The expected performance of the proposals is parametrized in terms of only four numbers: energy resolution, background rate (per unit time, isotope mass and energy), detection efficiency, and bb isotope mass. For each proposal, both a reference and an optimistic scenario for the experimental performance are studied. In the reference scenario we find that all the proposals will be able to partially explore the degenerate spectrum, without fully covering it, although four of them (KamLAND-Zen, CUORE, NEXT and EXO) will approach the 50 meV boundary. In the optimistic scenario, we find that CUORE and the xenon-based proposals (KamLAND-Zen, EXO and NEXT) will explore a significant fraction of the inverse hierarchy, with NEXT covering it almost fully. For the long term future, we argue that Xe-based experiments may provide the best case for a 1-ton scale experiment, given the potentially very low backgrounds achievable and the expected scalability to large isotope masses.Comment: 30 pages, 12 figures, 6 table

Effects of Estrogen on vascular inflammation: a matter of timing.

Objective: Our study aims to determine the role of time of menopause on vascular inflammation biomarkers and how it affects their modulation by estrogen and raloxifene in postmenopausal women. Methods and results: Uterine arteries from 68 postmenopausal women were divided into 3 segments and cultured for 24 hours in tissue culture media containing 17β-estradiol (100 nmol/L), raloxifene (100 nmol/L), or vehicle. Assessment of arterial concentration of 13 inflammatory biomarkers was performed by multiplex immunobead-based assay. Aging per se has a positive correlation with the generation of several proinflammatory markers. Although short-term estradiol exposure correlates with lower expression of tumor necrosis factor-α, vascular endothelial growth factor, and interleukin-1β in all age groups, for most biomarkers aging was associated with a switch from a beneficial anti-inflammatory action by estrogen, at earlier stages of menopause, to a proinflammatory profile after 5 years past its onset. Raloxifene has no significant effect on the expression of all proinflammatory markers. Western blot analysis of estrogen receptor expression (estrogen receptor-α and estrogen receptor-β) showed that estrogen receptor-β increases with aging, and this increase has a positive correlation with the generation of several proinflammatory markers. Conclusions: Aging alters estrogen-mediated effects on the modulation of inflammatory biomarkers in women. How aging affects estrogen responses on vascular inflammation is not clear, but our data show a positive association between increased estrogen receptor-β expression with aging and proinflammatory effects by estrogen

Multifractal analysis of radar rainfall fields over the area of Rome

A scale-invariance analysis of space and time rainfall events monitored by meteorological radar over the area of Rome (Italy) is proposed. The study of the scale-invariance properties of intense precipitation storms, particularly important in flood forecast and risk mitigation, allows to transfer rainfall information from the large scale predictive meteorological models to the small scale hydrological rainfall-runoff models. <P style=&quot;line-height: 20px;&quot;> Precipitation events are monitored using data collected by the polarimetric Doppler radar Polar 55C (ISAC-CNR), located 15 km Southeast from downtown. The meteorological radar provides the estimates of rainfall intensity over an area of about 10 000 km² at a resolution of 2&times;2 km² in space and 5 min in time. <P style=&quot;line-height: 20px;&quot;> Many precipitation events have been observed from autumn 2001 up to now. A scale-invariance analysis is performed on some of these events with the aim at exploring the multifractal properties and at understanding their dependence on the meteorological large-scale conditions

Impact of the injector design on the combustion noise of gasoline partially premixed combustion in a 2-stroke engine

[EN] In this paper, a numerical Computational Fluid Dynamics (CFD) study is carried out with the purpose of understanding how the injector design may impact on the in-cylinder processes, which cause noise emission. This study is based on a combination of the gasoline partially premixed combustion concept with a new high speed direct injection 2-stroke engine, which emerges as a promising solution able to comply with nitrous oxides and particulate matter emissions standards, while ensuring combustion control and stability. The original engine configuration is varied by modifying the included spray angle and the number of injector nozzles in order to evaluate other design solutions for mitigating combustion noise. Results show that the maximum pressure time-derivative achieved during the combustion is the most influential parameter on the acoustic response of the in-cylinder noise source. However, they also evidence that for some operation conditions the resonance phenomena can enhance their contribution, thus playing a relevant role in the engine noise level. Further analysis allowed to identify three combustion related parameters, which characterise this phenomenon and allow identifying key paths to minimize its levels. (C) 2017 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.The equipment used in this work has been partially supported by FEDER project funds "Dotacion de infraestructuras cientifico tecnicas para el Centro Integral de Mejora Energetica y Medioambiental de Sistemas de Transporte (CiMeT), (FEDER-ICTS-2012-06)" from the operational program of unique scientific and technical infrastructure of the Spanish Ministerio de Economia y Competitividad. J. Gomez-Soriano is partially supported by an FPI contract (FPI-S2-2016-1353) of the "Programa de Apoyo para la Investigacion y Desarrollo (PAID-01-16)" of the Universitat Politecnica de Valencia.Broatch, A.; Margot, X.; Novella Rosa, R.; Gómez-Soriano, J. (2017). Impact of the injector design on the combustion noise of gasoline partially premixed combustion in a 2-stroke engine. Applied Thermal Engineering. 119:530-540. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.applthermaleng.2017.03.081S53054011

Estimation of the in-cylinder residual mass fraction at Intake Valve Closing in a 2-stroke High-Speed Direct-Injection Compression-Ignition engine

This is the author's version of a work that was accepted for publication in International Journal of Engine Research. Changes resulting from the publishing process, such as peer review, editing, corrections, structural formatting, and other quality control mechanisms may not be reflected in this document. Changes may have been made to this work since it was submitted for publication. A definitive version was subsequently published as https://doi.org/10.1177/1468087418813406.[EN] New combustion concepts and engine designs are being currently investigated in order to comply with upcoming pollutant regulations and reduce fuel consumption. In this context, two-stroke architectures appear as a promising solution for the implementation of some combustion concepts. However, scavenging processes in a two-stroke engine are much more challenging than for a four-stroke engine, and the residual mass of burnt gases retained inside the cylinder needs to be properly determined in order to keep control over the in-cylinder composition, hence over the combustion conditions and pollutant emissions. In this study, a new methodology for the estimation of the internal residual gas fraction is introduced, which is based on the thermodynamic processes occurring in the engine investigated and makes use of basic engine instrumentation and measurement equipment usually available in a conventional test cell. Several versions of the estimator were developed so that different requirements could be met, such as those of real-time estimation on an engine test bench but with reduced precision or, on the contrary, highly precise but time-consuming computations for post-processing purposes and combustion diagnosis. The consistency of the internal residual gas estimator was then validated through its application to real engine tests at different operating points.The author(s) disclosed receipt of the following financial support for the research, authorship, and/or publication of this article: This research has been sponsored by the European Union in framework of the REWARD project, Horizon 2020 research and innovation program under grant agreement no. 636380. The authors kindly recognize the technical support provided by Mr Gilles Coma and his research group at RENAULT SAS, and also by the research group at IFPEN, along the development of the investigations presented here.Torregrosa, AJ.; Martín, J.; Novella Rosa, R.; Thein, K. (2020). Estimation of the in-cylinder residual mass fraction at Intake Valve Closing in a 2-stroke High-Speed Direct-Injection Compression-Ignition engine. 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