Avaliação morfofisiológica da qualidade de mudas de Pinus taeda L. produzidas em raiz nua e em diferentes tipos de recipientes

Orientador: Mario Takao InoueTese (doutorado) - Universidade Federal do Paraná, Setor de Ciências AgráriasÁrea de concentração: SilviculturaO presente estudo analisou a viabilidade do uso de uma nova metodologia de produção de mudas de Pinus taeda, cujo objetivo central foi comparar a eficiência do sistema de blocos prensados, por meio da avaliação de parâmetros morfofisiológicos, com mudas produzidas em tubetes e em canteiros de raiz nua. O trabalho foi desenvolvido em três etapas empregando cinco tratamentos: a) Blocos prensados com 10 cm; b) Blocos prensados com 7 cm; c) Raiz nua; d) Tubetes D48 (menor densidade) e e) Tubetes D96 (maior densidade). A primeira etapa constou da produção das mudas e avaliação dos seguintes parâmetros morfológicos: a) Altura da parte aérea (H); b) Diâmetro de colo (D); c) Relação H/D e d) Pesos de matéria fresca e seca aérea, radicial e total (g). Na segunda etapa avaliou-se o potencial de regeneração de raízes em aquários e caixas (laboratório) e em tubos (casa de vegetação) por meio da determinação dos seguintes parâmetros: a) Número total de raízes novas em aquários; b) Número total de raízes novas > 1 cm em aquários; c) Comprimento total de raízes em aquários e caixas (cm) e d) Número total de extremidades de raízes visíveis nas paredes dos tubos. A terceira etapa constou do plantio das mudas no campo onde foram avaliados a sobrevivência até o quinto mês e o crescimento inicial por meio de medições da altura da parte aérea e do diâmetro ao nível do solo. Utilizou-se o delineamento estatístico inteiramente casualizado com seis repetições no viveiro e quatro no laboratório e casa de vegetação. No campo utilizou-se o delineamento em blocos ao acaso com seis repetições. A análise estatística constou de análise de variância, teste de médias (Duncan 95%), análise de contrastes ortogonais e análise de regressão. Aos 18 meses do plantio, foram retiradas do solo duas mudas por tratamento e avaliada a configuração dos seus sistemas radiciais. As mudas produzidas nos sistemas de blocos prensados com 7 e 10 cm e raiz nua, cinco meses após o transplantio em tubos, apresentaram distribuição uniforme de suas raízes nos quatro quadrantes, com maior concentração na porção superior dos tubos. O sistema de blocos prensados com 10 cm, em todas as fases de avaliação dos parâmetros morfofisiológicos e desempenho das mudas no campo, foi superior aos demais métodos utilizados neste trabalho, comprovando assim, a sua eficiência na produção de mudas de Pinus taeda. O comprimento total e o número de raízes novas > 1 cm, apresentaram correlações significativas com o desempenho das mudas no campo. O potencial de regeneração de raízes foi considerado um parâmetro fisiológico confiável na determinação da qualidade de mudas de Pinus taeda e da previsão do seu desempenho no campo. As mudas de Pinus taeda de melhor padrão de qualidade, para todos os parâmetros pesquisados e desempenho no campo, 24 meses após o plantio, foram produzidas em blocos prensados com 10 cm. Uma adequada distribuição horizontal das raízes laterais verificada em mudas produzidas em blocos prensados mostrou ter contribuído para um melhor uso do solo e, conseqüentemente, alcançar no campo maiores taxas de crescimento inicial. As mudas produzidas em raiz nua e blocos prensados com 7 cm apresentaram no campo, ritmos de crescimento similares. As médias mais baixas, para todos os parâmetros morfofisiológicos avaliados, foram verificadas em mudas produzidas em tubetes, que se mostraram inadequados para a produção de mudas de Pinus taeda, pois comprometeram a distribuição horizontal das raízes laterais, confinando-as para baixo e, conseqüentemente, induziram à deformação radicial, com prejuízos ao desempenho das mudas no campo. O alto coeficiente de deformação radicial verificado para as mudas em raiz nua reforça a hipótese de que o seu plantio tenha sido efetuado de modo inadequado.The present study has anlysed the viability of the use of a new methodology in the production of seedlings of Pinus taeda. The main objective was to compare the efficiency of pressed blocks, against tubetes and bare root om the production of seedlings through morphophysiological through. The study was performed in three stages employing five treatment: a) Pressed blocks with 10 cm; b) Pressed blocks with 7 cm; c) Bare roots; d) "Tubetes" D48 (lower density) and e) "Tubetes" D96 (higher density). The first stage consisted of production of seedlings and the evaluation of the following morpho-physiological parameters: a) Height of the aerial part (H); b) Root-collar diameter (D); c) H/D ratio and d) Weight of fresh and dry matter aerial part, root system and total (g). In the second stage the roots regenerating potential was evaluated (RRP) in aquariums and boxes (laboratory) and in "Tubetes" (greenhouse) through the following parameters: a) Total number of new roots > 1 cm in aquariums; c) Total length of roots in aquariums and in boxes (cm) and d) Total number of visible roots ends on the tube walls. The third stage consisted of planting the seedlings in the field where the survival up to the fifth month and the initial growth were evaluated by means of measuring the height of the aerial part and the stem diameter at ground level. Completely randon designs with six replications in the nursery and four in the laboratory and greenhouse were used. In the field a randomised complete-block design with six replications was used. The statistical analysis consisted of analysis of variance, means comparasion tests (Duncan 95%), orthogonal contrasts, and regression analysis. Eighteen months after plantation, two plants by treatment were removed from the ground and the configuration of their root systems were evaluated. The seedlings produced in the system of pressed blocks with 7 and 10 cm and bare-root, five months after transplanted in tubes, showed uniform distribution of their roots in the four quadrants, with a greater concentration in the upper portion of the tubes. The pressed blocks with 10 cm, in all phases of the evaluation of the mofpho-physiological parameters, as well as the performance of the seedlings in the field, was superior to the other methods used in this work, proving this way, its efficiency in the production of Pinus taeda seedlings. The total length and the number of new roots > 1 cm presented significant correlation with the performance of the seelings in the field. The root regeneration potential (RRP) was considered a reliable physiological parameter in determining the quality of the Pinus taeda seedlings and the prediction of its performance in the field. The Pinus taeda seedlings of better quality for all the studied parameters and performance in the field, 24 months after plantation, were produced in pressed blocks with 10 cm. An adequate horizontal distribution of the lateral roots observed in seedlings produced in pressed blocks contributed to a better use of the soil and, consequently, showed higher rates of initial growth in the field. The bare-rooted and pressed block with 7 cm seedlings showed similar growth rate in the field. The lowest means, for all morpho-physiological parameters evaluated, were observed in seedlings produced in tubetes that seemed to be inadequate for the production of Pinus taeda seedlings, for compromising the horizontal distribution of lateral roots, driving them down, and consequently, inducing the root system deformity, to the detriment of the seedlings performance in the field. The high coefficient of root system deformity observed in the barerooted seedlings reinforcings the hipothesis that plantation was inadequately done

MORPHOLOGICAL AND RADICAL PARAMETERS ASSOCIATED WITH THE SEEDLINGS QUALITY OF Anadenanthera peregrina (L.) Speg. IN DIFFERENT SUBSTRATES

Morphological and Radical Parameters Associated with the Seedlings Quality of Anadenanthera peregrina (L.) Speg.in Different Substrates. In this research, we evaluated the effects of different substrate formulations on the quality of angico-vermelho seedlings (Anadenanthera peregrina (L.) Speg). The tested substrates corresponded to eight different formulations: Bioplant®, Carolina Soil, Coffee husk, Coconut fiber and Vermiculite. In the nursery phase, the following were evaluated: height of the aerial part (H); neck diameter (D); fresh and dry biomass of the aerial parts and radical system; dickson quality index (IQD); number of roots regenerated in tubes; and length of roots regenerated in boxes. In the field phase, the following were evaluated: survival; crown diameter; number of lateral roots; and length of the pivoting root. To produce seedlings, a completely randomized design with eight treatments and four replications was used, and for the evaluation of the root regeneration potential (P.R.R.), six replications were used. In the field, the experimental arrangement consisted of subdivided plots, arranged in randomized blocks with four replications. Seedlings with higher averages for most of the evaluated characteristics were produced in the formulation of substrate containing 50% Bioplant® + 30% coffee husk + 20% coconut fiber. The values related to the IQD were positively related to the substrate formulations containing Bioplant®, coffee husk and coconut fiber, which were also positively associated with P.R.R. The substrate formulations containing Bioplant®, coffee husk and coconut fiber resulted in seedlings with a higher P.R.R., evaluated in boxes. Substrates containing Bioplant®, Carolina Soil, coffee husk and coconut fiberfavored the production of seedlings with a better radical system and, consequently, better in the field

QUALIDADE DE MUDAS DE NIM INDIANO PRODUZIDAS EM DIFERENTES RECIPIENTES E SEU DESEMPENHO NO CAMPO

A presente pesquisa teve como objetivo avaliar a qualidade morfofisiológica de mudas de nim indiano (Azadirachta indica A. Juss) em diferentes recipientes, visando alcançar maior produtividade no campo. Estabeleceram-se quatro tratamentos: T1 - sacola plástica (382 cm³); T2 - sacola plástica (165 cm³); T3 - tubete (288 cm³); T4 - tubete (55 cm³). O experimento foi desenvolvido em três etapas distintas. A primeira consistiu na produção e avaliação morfológica das mudas, visando avaliar as variáveis altura da parte aérea (H), diâmetro de colo (D), relação H/D e pesos de matéria fresca e seca das partes aérea, radicial e total. A segunda etapa objetivou a avaliação do potencial de regeneração de raízes (PRR) das mudas e a terceira fase foi desenvolvida no campo com o intuito de avaliar a sobrevivência das mudas após o plantio e o seu desempenho inicial, por meio da medição da altura e do diâmetro ao nível do solo. As mudas de nim indiano produzidas em sacolas plásticas (382 cm³) apresentaram valores superiores em todas as características morfológicas avaliadas e melhor desempenho no campo aos 15 meses após o plantio. O PRR se mostrou uma característica confiável quanto ao desempenho no campo de mudas produzidas em tubetes de 288 cm³.Palavras-chave: Potencial de regeneração de raízes; sacolas plásticas; tubetes. AbstractQuality of Indian Lilac seedlings produced in different containers and their performance in field.  The present research aims to evaluate the quality of Indian Lilac (Azadirachta indica A. Juss) seedlings in different containers in order to obtain higher productivity in the field. It was established four treatments: T1 - Plastic bags (382 cm³); T2 - Plastic bags (165 cm³); T3 - Tubes (288 cm³) and T4 - Tubes (55 cm³). The experiment was developed in three different stages. The first one consisted on the production and morphological evaluation of the seedlings, seeking to evaluate the variables: stem height (H), root-collar diameter (D), ratio H/D and weights of fresh and dry matter of the stem, root and total. The second stage aimed at evaluation of root regeneration potential (RRP) of seedlings, and the third phase was developed in the field in order to evaluate seedlings survival after planting and their performance by measurement of the height and diameter at the soil level. The seedlings of Indian Lilac produced in plastic bags (382 cm³) presented superior values in all evaluated morphological parameters and improved performance in the field, 15 months after the planting. The RRP has proved a reliable parameter on the field performance of seedlings produced in tubes of 288 cm³.Keywords: Root regeneration potential; plastic bags; tubes.AbstractThe present research aims to evaluate the quality of Indian Lilac (Azadirachta indica A. Juss) seedlings in different containers in order to obtain higher productivity in the field. It was established four treatments: T1 - Plastic bags (382 cm³); T2 - Plastic bags (165 cm³); T3 - Tubes (288 cm³) and T4 - Tubes (55 cm³). The experiment was developed in three different stages. The first one consisted on the production and morphological evaluation of the seedlings, seeking to evaluate the variables: stem height (H), root-collar diameter (D), ratio H/D and weights of fresh and dry matter of the stem, root and total. The second stage aimed at evaluation of root regeneration potential (RRP) of seedlings, and the third phase was developed in the field in order to evaluate seedlings survival after planting and their performance by measurement of the height and diameter at the soil level. The seedlings of Indian Lilac produced in plastic bags (382 cm³) presented superior values in all evaluated morphological parameters and improved performance in the field, 15 months after the planting. The RRP has proved a reliable parameter on the field performance of seedlings produced in tubes of 288 cm³.Keywords: Root regeneration potential; plastic bags; tubes

Development of indian neem seedlings under different levels of shading

Este estudo teve como objetivo avaliar o efeito de níveis de sombreamento na produção de mudas de nim indiano (Azadirachta indica), visando a obtenção de mudas com maior padrão de qualidade. Foram adotados quatro tratamentos (pleno sol, 30%, 50% e 70% de sombreamento), dispostos em delineamento inteiramente casualizado, com seis repetições. Os parâmetros avaliados, aos 100 dias, foram: altura da parte aérea, diâmetro do coleto, relação altura/diâmetro, massa fresca e seca da parte aérea, raízes e total, número de folhas e índice de qualidade de Dickson. Os dados foram submetidos à análise de variância, sendo as médias comparadas pelo teste de Duncan a 5% de significância. Mudas produzidas a pleno sol apresentaram maior padrão de qualidade, sendo observados valores mais adequados para os parâmetros diâmetro do coleto, relação altura/diâmetro, massa fresca e seca das raízes, número de folhas e índice de qualidade de Dickson.The purpose of this study was to evaluate the effect of levels of shading on the seedling production of Indian neem (Azadirachta indica), aiming to obtain seedlings with higher quality standard. Four treatments were adopted (full sun; 30%, 50% and 70% of shading), arranged in a completely randomized design, with six replications. The following parameters were evaluated after 100 days: height of the aerial part; root-collar diameter; height/diameter ratio; fresh and dry mass of shoots, roots and total; number of leaves; and Dickson quality index. The data were subjected to analysis of variance and the averages were compared by the Duncan test at 5% significance level. Seedlings produced under full sun showed higher standard of quality, with more suitable values ​​observed for the following parameters: root-collar diameter, height/diameter ratio, fresh and dry mass of roots, number of leaves, and Dickson quality index

AVALIAÇÃO MORFOLÓGICA DE MUDAS DE MADEIRA-NOVA (Pterogyne nitens Tull.) PRODUZIDAS EM TUBETES E SACOS PLÁSTICOS E DE SEU DESEMPENHO NO CAMPO

The morphological quality of seedlings of madeira-nova was evaluated (Pterogyne nitens) produced in plastic bags and tubes, seeking to reach larger survival and initial performance after the plantation. It was established 4 treatments: T1 - Tubes (50 cm3); T2 - Tubes (288 cm3); T3 - Plastic bags (577 cm3) and T4 - Plastic bags (2090 cm3). The experiment was developed in two different stages. The first one consisted on the production and morphological evaluation of the seedlings, seeking the determination of the following morphological parameters: Stem height (H), Root-collar diameter (D), ratio H/D and weights of fresh and dry matter of the stem, root and total. The second stage was developed in the field with the purpose of evaluating the survival of the seedlings in the first three months after the planting and their performance through the measurement of the height and diameter at the soil level. The seedlings of madeira-nova produced in plastic sacks (2090 cm3) presented values superior statistically in all the phases of evaluation of the morphological parameters in the nursery and performance in the field, 24 months after the planting. The lowest averages for all the appraised parameters in nursery and field, were observed in seedlings produced in tubes of 50 cm3.Avaliou-se a qualidade morfológica de mudas de madeira-nova (Pterogyne nitens) produzidas em sacos plásticos e tubetes, visando alcançar maior sobrevivência e desempenho inicial após o plantio. Estabeleceram-se 4 tratamentos: T1 - Tubete (50 cm3); T2 - Tubete (288 cm3); T3 - Saco plástico (577 cm3) e T4 - Saco plástico (2090 cm3). O experimento foi desenvolvido em duas etapas distintas. A primeira consistiu na produção e avaliação morfológica das mudas, visando a determinação das seguintes variáveis morfológicas: altura da parte aérea (H), diâmetro de colo (D), relação H/D e pesos de matéria fresca e seca das partes aérea, radicial e total. A segunda etapa foi desenvolvida no campo, com a finalidade de avaliar a sobrevivência das mudas nos três primeiros meses após o plantio e o seu desempenho, por meio da medição da altura e do diâmetro ao nível do solo. As mudas de madeira-nova produzidas em sacos plásticos (2090 cm3) apresentaram valores estatisticamente superiores em todas as fases de avaliação das variáveis morfológicas no viveiro e também de desempenho no campo, 24 meses após o plantio. As médias com valores mais baixos para todas as variáveis avaliadas em viveiro e campo foram observadas em mudas produzidas em tubetes de 50 cm3

BIOMASS AND NUTRIENTS REMOVAL IN PURE AND MIXED POPULATIONS OF Pinus sp. IN SOUTHWEST BAHIA - BRAZIL

The magnitude of export of nutrients with forest harvest depends on the adopted waste management and, above all, on the distribution of biomass and nutrients in the trees, which is conditioned by the genetic potential and the species composition of forest stand.  The objective of this study was to quantify the biomass and nutrients of the trees and evaluate the effect of the management of harvest residues on the removal of nutrients from pure and mixed plantations of Pinus sp.. The study areas are located in the Southwest region of Bahia State, Brazil. Twenty trees per species were selected and felled under both planting conditions. The biomass quantification was performed by the destructive method. Samples of the tree components were analyzed for N, P, K, Ca and Mg contents. The total biomass was 75 Mg ha-1 for pure planting, and 81 Mg ha-1 for mixed planting, with wood and bark as the most representative compartments. Removal of the wood with bark led to too much nutrient removal, reaching a further 50% of the total contained in the biomass. Mixed planting has been shown more prone to export P, K and Mg. For both plantations, 64% of the N, P, K, Ca and Mg are in other components of the aerial part of the tree, and not in the wood. The elements that represent the highest risk for maintaining productivity are Ca and Mg

Relações hídricas em cafezal arborizado com grevíleas no município de Vitória da Conquista, Bahia

This study was carried out in order to evaluate the physiological effects of silk-oak plants (Grevillea robusta A. Cunn.) arranged in rows within coffee groves (Coffea arabica L.) at Capinal, a village near the city of Vitória da Conquista, BA, Brazil. Four treatments were defined by distances of zero, four, eight, and twelve meters between coffee plants row and silk-oak plants, with six replicates in a randomized block design. The following traits were evaluated: specific leaf area (SLA), relative water content (RWC), leaf proline (PRO), and soil moisture (SM). Samplings were made every two months from 1999 to 2002. Leaves from the middle part of coffee plants in each plot were collected to evaluate PRO, RWC, and SLA. Soil samples were collected at 0-10, 10-20, 20-30cm deep, on the crown projection area, and between coffee rows for SM analysis. Data obtained were submitted to the analysis of variance and regression analysis. Linear decreases in SLA were observed in the periods evaluated according to the distances among coffee and silk-oak plants. No model was estalished for RWC during 1999-2000 and 2001-2002 periods. There was a direct relation between PRO and the distances from the silk-oak trees row on all periods evaluated. SM decreased in all depths between coffee plant rows, as a function of the distances between coffee plants and silk-oak plants.Com o objetivo de avaliar os efeitos fisiológicos da arborização com grevíleas (Grevillea robusta A. Cunn.) dispostas em renques em cafezais (Coffea arabica L.), foi realizado este estudo no povoado Capinal, município de Vitória da Conquista, Ba, Brasil. Foi utilizado o delineamento em blocos casualizados, com quatro tratamentos, definidos por distâncias entre cafeeiros e grevíleas de zero, quatro, oito e doze metros, com seis repetições. Foram avaliadas as seguintes características: área foliar específica (AFE), teor relativo de água (TRA), prolina foliar (PRO) e umidade do solo (US). As amostragens foram realizadas a cada dois meses no período de 1999 a 2002. Para avaliar PRO, TRA e AFE, foram coletadas folhas da parte mediana de plantas de café de cada parcela. Para análise de US, foram coletadas amostras nas profundidades de 0-10, 10-20, 20-30 cm, na projeção da copa e nas entrelinhas de plantas de cafeeiros. Os dados foram submetidos à análise de variância e de regressão. Diminuições lineares de AFE foram observadas nos períodos avaliados em função das distâncias entre cafeeiros e grevíleas. Quanto ao TRA, não foi possível o ajustamento de modelos nos anos de 1999-2000 e 2001-2002. Para os três períodos avaliados, PRO aumentou em função das distâncias a partir do renque de árvores de grevíleas. A US, em todas as profundidades nas entrelinhas dos cafeeiros, decresceu em função das distâncias entre cafeeiros e grevíleas

PRODUÇÃO DE SERAPILHEIRA EM FLORESTA ESTACIONAL SEMIDECIDUAL E EM PLANTIOS DE Pterogyne nitens Tull. e Eucalyptus urophylla S. T. Blake NO SUDOESTE DA BAHIA

Leaf litter is a major component responsible for maintaining the productive capacity of forests; thus, knowledge on their production and composition can provide information to adjust management techniques. The objective of this study was to evaluate the monthly litter fall in a Seasonal Semideciduous Forest and two pure forest plantations (Pterogyne nitens and e de Eucalyptus urophylla), located in city of Vitoria da Conquista, Bahia state, as well as to analyze the influence of climatic factors in this production. Leaf litter samples were collected during ten months, using 0.25 m2 square collectors. The materials collected were screened (fractions: leaves, branches, bark and reproductive structures) and dried in a dry kiln at 60° C. The monthly average litter productions were 544.6, 522.6 and 179.5 kg ha-1 in areas of Seasonal Semideciduous Forest, Eucalyptus urophylla and Pinus nitens, respectively. The leaves represented an increasing proportion of litter in three coverages (65% of the total). The average monthly production of leaves was higher in native forest, followed by Eucalyptus urophylla and Pinus nitens. The contribution of branches was significantly lower in the Pinus nitens and did not vary between Seasonal Semideciduous Forest and Eucalyptus urophylla. The production of reproductive materials varied in the order: Eucalyptus urophylla > Seasonal Semideciduous Forest > Pinus nitens. The bark fraction did not vary between Seasonal Semideciduous Forest and Pinus nitens, being higher in Eucalyptus urophylla. There was a significant negative correlation between total production and average air temperature in all studied coverage. Only on Pinus nitens were found significant associations with the litter production variables precipitation and wind speed. Eucalyptus urophylla forest and Seasonal Semideciduous Forest have similar aspects regarding leaf litter production, 67% higher than the production of Pinus nitens. The temporal variation of litter production of Pinus nitens shows up much more sensitive to the influence of climatic variables that Seasonal Semideciduous Forest and Eucalyptus urophylla. The contribution of litter fractions followed the same order in all coverage studied:  leaves > branches > reproductive structures > bark.http://dx.doi.org/10.5902/1980509819614A serapilheira constitui um dos principais componentes responsáveis pela manutenção da capacidade produtiva de sítios florestais e, sendo assim, o conhecimento da sua produção e composição pode fornecer subsídios para adequação de técnicas de manejo. O objetivo deste trabalho foi avaliar mensalmente a serapilheira produzida em uma Floresta Estacional Semidecidual (mata de cipó) e dois plantios florestais puros (de Pterogyne nitens e de Eucalyptus urophylla), localizados no município de Vitória da Conquista - BA, assim como analisar a influência de fatores climáticos nessa produção. As amostras da serapilheira foram coletadas durante dez meses, por meio de coletores quadrados com 0,25 m2. Os materiais coletados foram triados (frações: folhas, galhos, casca e estruturas reprodutivas) e secos em estufa a 60oC. As produções mensais médias de serapilheira foram de 544,6, 522,6 e 179,5 kg ha-1 nas áreas de mata de cipó, Eucalyptus urophylla e Pinus nitens, respectivamente. As folhas representaram maior proporção da serapilheira produzida nas três coberturas (65% do total). A produção mensal média de folhas foi superior na mata nativa, seguida do Eucalyptus urophylla e Pinus nitens. O aporte de galhos foi significativamente menor no povoamento de Pinus nitens e não variou entre mata de cipó e Eucalyptus urophylla. A produção de materiais reprodutivos variou na ordem: Eucalyptus urophylla > mata de cipó > Pinus nitens. A fração casca não variou entre mata de cipó e Pinus nitens, sendo superior no Eucalyptus urophylla. Em todas as coberturas estudadas verificou-se correlação significativa negativa entre produção total e temperatura média do ar. Apenas no plantio de Pinus nitens foram verificadas associações significativas do aporte de serapilheira com as variáveis precipitação e velocidade do vento. O Eucalyptus urophylla e a mata de cipó apresentam similaridade quanto à produção média de serapilheira, sendo cerca de 67% superior a produção de Pinus nitens. A variação temporal do aporte de serapilheira de Pinus nitens mostra-se bem mais sensível à influência de variáveis climáticas que a mata de cipó e o Eucalyptus urophylla. A contribuição das frações da serapilheira obedeceu a uma mesma ordem em todas as coberturas estudadas: folhas > galhos > estruturas reprodutivas > cascas

Allocation and modeling of biomass of Dendrocalamus asper

O objetivo deste trabalho foi quantificar a biomassa seca total individual de plantas de bambu da espécie Dendrocalamus asper (Schult. & Schult. f.) Backer ex K. Heyne, visando conhecer a sua distribuição nos diferentes compartimentos, bem como avaliar modelos de biomassa em função de variáveis biométricas das plantas. Foram avaliados 20 indivíduos, coletados em Bauru, SP. As plantas amostradas foram medidas, abatidas e pesadas. A maior fração da biomassa foi observada na parte aérea, com 86%, sendo 64% para o compartimento colmo, 16% para os galhos e 6% para as folhas. Os rizomas representaram 14% da biomassa total. As variáveis biométricas (diâmetro à altura do peito – DAP, altura total – ht e diâmetro de colo – Dcolo) correlacionaram-se significativamente com as biomassas total e do colmo. O modelo que apresentou o melhor desempenho para a biomassa total teve como variável independente apenas o DAP, enquanto que para a biomassa dos colmos foi a variável combinada dap0,5*lndap. Os ajustes para os demais compartimentos não geraram resultados satisfatórios, em função da baixa correlação entre as variáveis biométricas e suas biomassas. Concluiu-se que é possível expressar a biomassa seca total e do colmo do bambu por meio de modelos alométricos, porém o mesmo não se aplica aos demais compartimentos.Palavras-chave: Bambu; fitomassa; modelos alométricos. AbstractAllocation and modeling of biomass of Dendrocalamus asper. The aim of this research was to quantify the total individual biomass of bamboo plants of the species Dendrocalamus asper (Schult. & Schult. f.) Backer ex K. Heyne, in order to understand its distribution along different compartments, as well as evaluat biomass models according to biometric variables. Twenty individuals collected in Bauru, SP were evaluated. The plants were measured, cut and weighed. The aboveground biomass accounted for the major fraction, representing 86%. The stem compartment represented 64% of total biomass, followed by the branches, with 16% and leaves, with 6%. Rhizomes accounted for 14% of the total biomass. The biometric variables (diameter at breast height - dbh, total height – ht, and collar diameter - dcollar) were significantly correlated with total and stem biomass. The model that revealed best performance for total biomass had only dap as independent variable, for the stems biomass the combined variable was dap0,5*lndap. The adjustments for other compartments were not satisfactory due to low correlation between the biometric variables and their biomass. As conclusion, it is possible to express the total  dry stem biomass and culm mass of bamboo using allometric models, however, the same does not apply to other compartments.Keywords: Bamboo; phytomass; allometric models.AbstractThe aim of this research was to quantify the total individual biomass of bamboo plants of the species Dendrocalamus asper (Schult. & Schult. f.) Backer ex K. Heyne, in order to understand its distribution along different compartments, as well as evaluat biomass models according to biometric variables. Twenty individuals collected in Bauru, SP were evaluated. The plants were measured, cut and weighed. The aboveground biomass accounted for the major fraction, representing 86%. The stem compartment represented 64% of total biomass, followed by the branches, with 16% and leaves, with 6%. Rhizomes accounted for 14% of the total biomass. The biometric variables (diameter at breast height - dbh, total height – ht, and collar diameter - dcollar) were significantly correlated with total and stem biomass. The model that revealed best performance for total biomass had only dap as independent variable, for the stems biomass the combined variable was dap0,5*lndap. The adjustments for other compartments were not satisfactory due to low correlation between the biometric variables and their biomass. As conclusion, it is possible to express the total  dry stem biomass and culm mass of bamboo using allometric models, however, the same does not apply to other compartments.Keywords: Bamboo; phytomass; allometric models

LITTER PRODUCTION IN SEASONAL SEMIDECIDUOUS FOREST AND Pterogyne nitens Tul. AND Eucalyptus urophylla S. T. Blake PLANTATIONS IN SOUTHWESTERN BAHIA STATE, BRAZIL

A serapilheira constitui um dos principais componentes respons\ue1veis pela manuten\ue7\ue3o da capacidade produtiva de s\uedtios florestais e, sendo assim, o conhecimento da sua produ\ue7\ue3o e composi\ue7\ue3o pode fornecer subs\ueddios para adequa\ue7\ue3o de t\ue9cnicas de manejo. O objetivo deste trabalho foi avaliar mensalmente a serapilheira produzida em uma Floresta Estacional Semidecidual (mata de cip\uf3) e dois plantios florestais puros (de Pterogyne nitens e de Eucalyptus urophylla ), localizados no munic\uedpio de Vit\uf3ria da Conquista - BA, assim como analisar a influ\ueancia de fatores clim\ue1ticos nessa produ\ue7\ue3o. As amostras da serapilheira foram coletadas durante dez meses, por meio de coletores quadrados com 0,25 m2. Os materiais coletados foram triados (fra\ue7\uf5es: folhas, galhos, casca e estruturas reprodutivas) e secos em estufa a 60oC. As produ\ue7\uf5es mensais m\ue9dias de serapilheira foram de 544,6, 522,6 e 179,5 kg ha-1 nas \ue1reas de mata de cip\uf3, Eucalyptus urophylla e Pinus nitens, respectivamente. As folhas representaram maior propor\ue7\ue3o da serapilheira produzida nas tr\ueas coberturas (65% do total). A produ\ue7\ue3o mensal m\ue9dia de folhas foi superior na mata nativa, seguida do Eucalyptus urophylla e Pinus nitens. O aporte de galhos foi significativamente menor no povoamento de Pinus nitens e n\ue3o variou entre mata de cip\uf3 e Eucalyptus urophylla. A produ\ue7\ue3o de materiais reprodutivos variou na ordem: Eucalyptus urophylla > mata de cip\uf3 > Pinus nitens. A fra\ue7\ue3o casca n\ue3o variou entre mata de cip\uf3 e Pinus nitens, sendo superior no Eucalyptus urophylla. Em todas as coberturas estudadas verificou-se correla\ue7\ue3o significativa negativa entre produ\ue7\ue3o total e temperatura m\ue9dia do ar. Apenas no plantio de Pinus nitens foram verificadas associa\ue7\uf5es significativas do aporte de serapilheira com as vari\ue1veis precipita\ue7\ue3o e velocidade do vento. O Eucalyptus urophylla e a mata de cip\uf3 apresentam similaridade quanto \ue0 produ\ue7\ue3o m\ue9dia de serapilheira, sendo cerca de 67% superior a produ\ue7\ue3o de Pinus nitens. A varia\ue7\ue3o temporal do aporte de serapilheira de Pinus nitens mostra-se bem mais sens\uedvel \ue0 influ\ueancia de vari\ue1veis clim\ue1ticas que a mata de cip\uf3 e o Eucalyptus urophylla. A contribui\ue7\ue3o das fra\ue7\uf5es da serapilheira obedeceu a uma mesma ordem em todas as coberturas estudadas: folhas > galhos > estruturas reprodutivas > cascas.Leaf litter is a major component responsible for maintaining the productive capacity of forests; thus, knowledge on their production and composition can provide information to adjust management techniques. The objective of this study was to evaluate the monthly litter fall in a Seasonal Semideciduous Forest and two pure forest plantations ( Pterogyne nitens and e de Eucalyptus urophylla ), located in city of Vitoria da Conquista, Bahia state, as well as to analyze the influence of climatic factors in this production. Leaf litter samples were collected during ten months, using 0.25 m2 square collectors. The materials collected were screened (fractions: leaves, branches, bark and reproductive structures) and dried in a dry kiln at 60\ub0 C. The monthly average litter productions were 544.6, 522.6 and 179.5 kg ha-1 in areas of Seasonal Semideciduous Forest, Eucalyptus urophylla and Pinus nitens, respectively. The leaves represented an increasing proportion of litter in three coverages (65% of the total). The average monthly production of leaves was higher in native forest, followed by Eucalyptus urophylla and Pinus nitens. The contribution of branches was significantly lower in the Pinus nitens and did not vary between Seasonal Semideciduous Forest and Eucalyptus urophylla. The production of reproductive materials varied in the order: Eucalyptus urophylla > Seasonal Semideciduous Forest > Pinus nitens. The bark fraction did not vary between Seasonal Semideciduous Forest and Pinus nitens, being higher in Eucalyptus urophylla. There was a significant negative correlation between total production and average air temperature in all studied coverage. Only on Pinus nitens were found significant associations with the litter production variables precipitation and wind speed. Eucalyptus urophylla forest and Seasonal Semideciduous Forest have similar aspects regarding leaf litter production, 67% higher than the production of Pinus nitens. The temporal variation of litter production of Pinus nitens shows up much more sensitive to the influence of climatic variables that Seasonal Semideciduous Forest and Eucalyptus urophylla. The contribution of litter fractions followed the same order in all coverage studied: leaves > branches > reproductive structures > bark