Glass shell manufacturing in space

Residual gases always found in glass shells are CO2, O2 and N2. In those cases where high water vapor pressure is maintained in the furnace, water is also found in the shells. Other evidence for the existence of water in shells is the presence of water-induced surface weathering of the interior shell surface. Water and CO2 are the predominant volatiles generated by the pyrolysis of both inorganic and hydrolyzed metal-organic gels. The pyrolysates of unhydrolyzed metal-organic gels also contain, in addition to water and CO2, significant levels of organic volatiles, such as ethanol and some hydrocarbons; on complete oxidation, these produce CO2 and water as well. Water is most likely the initial blowing agent, it is produced copiously during the initial stages of heating. In the later stages, CO2 becomes the dominant gas as H2O is lost at increasing rates. Water in the shell arises mainly from gel dehydration, CO2 by sodium bicarbonate/carbonate decomposition and carbon oxidation, and O2 and N2 by permeation of the ambient furnace air through the molten shell wall

To educate the Heathen: a comparison of the treatment of the native peoples of the United States, Australia, Canada and New Zealand

This thesis focuses on the treatment of Native Americans in the United States, with comparisons being made with the treatment of the native peoples of Canada, Australia and New Zealand. The treatment of these four countries will not be equal in each chapter due in part to the resources available and because this work\u27s core focus is on the United States. The period covered in the United States begins with white, or European colonization and continues until the period of Franklin Roosevelt\u27s administration. I use the period of colonization as my starting point for each country because the colonization of the four countries reviewed did not begin at the same time. I use Roosevelt\u27s administration as the general cut off point for the United States because of John Collier, Roosevelt\u27s Commissioner of the Bureau of Indian Affairs, and his New Deal for the Indians. This New Deal returned partial control for tribal affairs to tribal councils. Much of the tribes\u27 self determination had previously been taken away by the U.S. government. For the other three countries the time frame ends when the native people receive citizenship in more than just title. In New Zealand, for example, the Maori obtained British citizenship with the signing of the Treaty of Waitangi in the early 1800\u27s, but years passed along with two wars before they received the benefits of citizenship

Glass shell manufacturing in space

Highly-uniform, hollow glass spheres (shells), which are used for inertial confinement fusion targets, were formed from metal-organic gel powder feedstock in a vertical furnace. As a result of the rapid pyrolysis caused by the furnace, the gel is transformed to a shell in five distinct stages: (a) surface closure of the porous gel; (b) generation of a closed-cell foam structure in the gel; (c) spheridization of the gel and further expansion of the foam; (d) coalescence of the closed-cell foam to a single-void shell; and (e) fining of the glass shell. The heat transfer from the furnace to the falling gel particle was modeled to determine the effective heating rate of the gel. The model predicts the temperature history for a particle as a function of mass, dimensions, specific heat, and absorptance as well as furnace temperature profile and thermal conductivity of the furnace gas. A model was developed that predicts the gravity-induced degradation of shell concentricity in falling molten shells as a function of shell characteristics and time

Annual Survey of Virginia Law: Election Law

Depending on your perspective or partisan persuasion, the 2000 presidential election was either an overwhelming triumph of the American electoral system or an abysmal example of justice. Regardless, the recount in Florida caught the attention of the citizens of the nation, and in particular, the legislators in many states. The question, could \u27Florida\u27 happen here? prompted many in the Virginia General Assembly to cast a scrutinizing eye upon the Commonwealth\u27s election laws. As a result, over one hundred legislative bills and resolutions were introduced in the 2001 Regular Session.\u27 This article surveys the developments in Virginia\u27s election laws from June 2000 through June 2001. Additionally, this article focuses on those legislative enactments and judicial decisions that are significant, interesting, or show some developing trend in the area of election law. This article does not cover every legislative bill or judicial decision rendered within that time frame, nor does it cover the 2001 redistricting Special Session

Election Law

Advances in Virginia\u27s election law happen incrementally. This year was typical in that regard. While over one hundred bills and resolutions pertaining to elections were introduced in the 2006 Regular Session of the General Assembly, the legislature was judicious in its approval of election related legislation. This article surveys recent developments in Virginia\u27s election laws by focusing on those legislative enactments and judicial decisions that are significant, interesting, or show some developing trend in the area of election law

Will The Real Family-Friendly Employer Please Stand Up: Who Permits Parents To Reduce Working Hours For Purposes of Childcare?

Balancing work and family life can be a challenge, especially when a person needs to adjust her work schedule to deal with a family crisis. If the crisis involves a long term problem, such as caring for a sick or injured child that requires several months of care, the balancing act can require major shifts in the role an employee plays in a firm. This paper examines how an employer reacts to such a family-work issue: an employee who want to move from full-time to part-time in order to care for a young child. Most empirical work in this area deals with formal policies such as maternity leave, paternity leave, or leave beyond that required by the Family and Medical Leave Act and maps the type of formal policies a firm has into some "family-friendly" index. Switching from full-time to part-time is usually an informal process and it is not obvious how a firm ranking high on an index based of formal "family-friendly" policies would respond to such a request. Indeed, organizations with codified formal policies may be precisely the kinds of employers who do not permit such a shift from full-time to part-time. This is in fact what we find. Larger organizations are much more likely to provide formal policies such as paid maternity and paternity leave, while establishments that are not part of larger organizations are more likely to permit an employee to shift to part-time in order to care for a young child. These results suggests that family-friendly indexes that are based on formal policies may be unfairly labelling smaller firms "unfriendly" towards families simply because they use informal approaches to deal with family crises

Election Law and Government Ethics

The last two years have produced modest tweaks to Virginia\u27selection laws. Most notably, 2011 ushered in the decennial tradition of reapportionment and redistricting. This article surveys developments in Virginia election law for 2010 and 2011 and focuses on those statutory developments that have significance or general applicability to the implementation of Virginia\u27s election laws. Consequently, not every election-related bill approved bythe General Assembly is discussed

Election Law

Other than a few controversial measures, the 2012 Virginia General Assembly made modest changes to Virginia\u27s laws re-garding the administration and conduct of elections. Most activity in this arena concerned issues that had significant federal election implications: specifically, the adoption of changes to strengthen Virginia\u27s existing voter identification law and the enactment of a congressional redistricting plan. This article surveys developments in Virginia election law for the latter part of 2011and the 2012 General Assembly session. The focus is on those statutory developments that have significance or general applicability to the implementation of Virginia\u27s election laws. Consequently, not every election-related bill approved by the General Assembly is discussed

Multiple Charge State Beam Acceleration at Atlas

A test of the acceleration of multiple charge-state uranium beams was performed at the ATLAS accelerator. A 238U+26 beam was accelerated in the ATLAS PII linac to 286 MeV (~1.2 MeV/u) and stripped in a carbon foil located 0.5 m from the entrance of the ATLAS Booster section. A 58Ni9+ 'guide' beam from the tandem injector was used to tune the Booster for 238U+38. All charge states from the stripping were injected into the booster and accelerated. Up to 94% of the beam was accelerated through the Booster linac, with losses mostly in the lower charge states. The measured beam properties of each charge state and a comparison to numerical simulations are reported in this paper.Comment: LINAC2000, MOD0