1,782 research outputs found
Fluid dynamical description of relativistic nuclear collisions
On the basis of both a conventional relativistic nuclear fluid dynamic model and a two fluid generalization that takes into account the interpenetration of the target and projectile upon contact, collisions between heavy nuclei moving at relativistic speeds are calculated. This is done by solving the relevant equations of motion numerically in three spatial dimensions by use of particle in cell finite difference computing techniques. The effect of incorporating a density isomer, or quasistable state, in the nuclear equation of state at three times normal nuclear density, and the effect of doubling the nuclear compressibility coefficient are studied. For the reaction 20Ne + 238U at a laboratory bombarding energy per nucleon of 393 MeV, the calculated distributions in energy and angle of outgoing charged particles are compared with recent experimental data both integrated over all impact parameters and for nearly central collisions
Nuclear Ground-State Masses and Deformations
We tabulate the atomic mass excesses and nuclear ground-state deformations of
8979 nuclei ranging from O to . The calculations are based on the
finite-range droplet macroscopic model and the folded-Yukawa single-particle
microscopic model. Relative to our 1981 mass table the current results are
obtained with an improved macroscopic model, an improved pairing model with a
new form for the effective-interaction pairing gap, and minimization of the
ground-state energy with respect to additional shape degrees of freedom. The
values of only 9 constants are determined directly from a least-squares
adjustment to the ground-state masses of 1654 nuclei ranging from O to
106 and to 28 fission-barrier heights. The error of the mass model is
0.669~MeV for the entire region of nuclei considered, but is only 0.448~MeV for
the region above .Comment: 50 pages plus 20 PostScript figures and 160-page table obtainable by
anonymous ftp from t2.lanl.gov in directory masses, LA-UR-93-308
Fission Decay Widths for Heavy-Ion Fusion-Fission Reactions
Cross-section and neutron-emission data from heavy-ion fusion-fission
reactions are consistent with a Kramers-modified statistical model which takes
into account the collective motion of the system about the ground state; the
temperature dependence of the location of fission transition points; and the
orientation degree of freedom. We see no evidence to suggest that the nuclear
viscosity departs from the surface-plus-window dissipation model. The strong
increase in the nuclear viscosity above a temperature of ~1 MeV deduced by
others is an artifact generated by an inadequate fission model.Comment: 14 pg, 6 fig, submitted to Physical Revie
An evaporation-based model of thermal neutron induced ternary fission of plutonium
Ternary fission probabilities for thermal neutron induced fission of
plutonium are analyzed within the framework of an evaporation-based model where
the complexity of time-varying potentials, associated with the neck collapse,
are included in a simplistic fashion. If the nuclear temperature at scission
and the fission-neck-collapse time are assumed to be ~1.2 MeV and ~10^-22 s,
respectively, then calculated relative probabilities of ternary-fission
light-charged-particle emission follow the trends seen in the experimental
data. The ability of this model to reproduce ternary fission probabilities
spanning seven orders of magnitude for a wide range of light-particle charges
and masses implies that ternary fission is caused by the coupling of an
evaporation-like process with the rapid re-arrangement of the nuclear fluid
following scission.Comment: 25 pages, 12 figures, accepted for publication in IJMP
Microscopic Enhancement of Heavy-Element Production
Realistic fusion barriers are calculated in a macroscopic-microscopic model
for several soft-fusion heavy-ion reactions leading to heavy and superheavy
elements. The results obtained in such a realistic picture are very different
from those obtained in a purely macroscopic model. For reactions on 208:Pb
targets, shell effects in the entrance channel result in fusion-barrier
energies at the touching point that are only a few MeV higher than the ground
state for compound systems near Z = 110. The entrance-channel fragment-shell
effects remain far inside the touching point, almost to configurations only
slightly more elongated than the ground-state configuration, where the fusion
barrier has risen to about 10 MeV above the ground-state energy. Calculated
single-particle level diagrams show that few level crossings occur until the
peak in the fusion barrier very close to the ground-state shape is reached,
which indicates that dissipation is negligible until very late in the fusion
process. Whereas the fission valley in a macroscopic picture is several tens of
MeV lower in energy than is the fusion valley, we find in the
macroscopic-microscopic picture that the fission valley is only about 5 MeV
lower than the fusion valley for soft-fusion reactions leading to compound
systems near Z = 110. These results show that no significant
``extra-extra-push'' energy is needed to bring the system inside the fission
saddle point and that the typical reaction energies for maximum cross section
in heavy-element synthesis correspond to only a few MeV above the maximum in
the fusion barrier.Comment: 7 pages. LaTeX. Submitted to Zeitschrift fur Physik A. 5 figures not
included here. Complete preprint, including device-independent (dvi),
PostScript, and LaTeX versions of the text, plus PostScript files of the
figures, available at http://t2.lanl.gov/publications/publications.html or at
ftp://t2.lanl.gov/pub/publications/mehe
Statistical Model of Heavy-Ion Fusion-Fission Reactions
Cross-section and neutron-emission data from heavy-ion fusion-fission
reactions are consistent with the fission of fully equilibrated systems with
fission lifetime estimates obtained via a Kramers-modified statistical model
which takes into account the collective motion of the system about the ground
state, the temperature dependence of the location and height of fission
transition points, and the orientation degree of freedom. If the standard
techniques for calculating fission lifetimes are used, then the calculated
excitation-energy dependence of fission lifetimes is incorrect. We see no
evidence to suggest that the nuclear viscosity has a temperature dependence.
The strong increase in the nuclear viscosity above a temperature of
approximately 1.3 MeV deduced by others is an artifact generated by an
inadequate fission model.Comment: Full paper submitted to PRC to accompany our recently published Phys.
Rev. Lett. 101, 032702 (2008
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The 1992 FRDM mass model and unstable nuclei
We discuss the reliability of a recent global nuclear-structure calculation in regions far from {beta} stability. We focus on the results for nuclear masses, but also mention other results obtained in the nuclear-structure calculation, for example ground-state spins. We discuss what should be some minimal requirements of a nuclear mass model and study how the macroscopic-microscopic method and other nuclear mass models fullfil such basic requirements. We study in particular the reliability of nuclear mass models in regions of nuclei that were not considered in the determination of the model parameters
Academic and Business Leaders Agree: Six Skills Essential for Effective Management
This study surveyed 632 business and public education mid-level managers to ascertain both the importance of and their confidence in using six research-based management competencies. Both groups rated the six as equally or highly valuable; however, educational managers valued conflict resolution more than business counterparts. The education group reported less confidence using their skills in problem solving, conflict resolution, and strategic planning. While both groups perceived most of the six competencies as equally valuable, the two groups did not feel similarly confident using the skills. Participantsâ ratings of skill-importance did not predict their level of confidence using the skills
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Mass model for unstable nuclei
We present some essential features of a macroscopic-microscopic nuclear-structure model, with special emphasis on the results of a recent global calculation of nuclear masses. We discuss what should be some minimal requirements of a nuclear mass model and study how the macroscopic-microscopic method and other nuclear mass models fulfil such basic requirements. We study in particular the reliability of nuclear mass models in regions of nuclei that were not considered in the determination of the model parameters
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