Factors Influence on Promotion Mix in E-marketing: Case of Technology Services Enterprise in Vietnam

Purpose: The objective of this study is to clarify factors affecting the promotion mix in E-Marketing, with specific target audience being enterprises operating in the technology service industry in Vietnam.   Theoretical framework: Based on the promotion theory and social exchange theory, this study focuses on the factors that influence on the promotion decision in firms.   Design/Methodology/Approach: This study applies both qualitative and quantitative methods with data collected from a questionnaire survey.   Findings: There are 4 factors respectively Sales Promotion, Advertising, Public Relations and Personal Selling that affect the mixed promotion activities in E-Marketing of technology service enterprises in Vietnam.   Research, practical & social implications: This study propose solutions to improve the promotion activities in the e – marketing of firms in Vietnam.   Originality/Value: This study is one of the early studies that have focused in this field in Vietnam.Propósito: El objetivo de este estudio es aclarar los factores que afectan la combinación de promoción en E-Marketing, con un público objetivo específico que son las empresas que operan en la industria de servicios de tecnología en Vietnam. Marco teórico: Basado en la teoría de la promoción y la teoría del intercambio social, este estudio se centra en los factores que influyen en la decisión de promoción en las empresas. Diseño/metodología/enfoque: este estudio aplica métodos cualitativos y cuantitativos con datos recopilados de una encuesta de cuestionario. Hallazgos: Existen 4 factores, respectivamente, Promoción de Ventas, Publicidad, Relaciones Públicas y Ventas Personales que afectan las actividades mixtas de promoción en E-Marketing de las empresas de servicios de tecnología en Vietnam. Implicaciones de investigación, prácticas y sociales: este estudio propone soluciones para mejorar las actividades de promoción en el marketing electrónico de las empresas en Vietnam. Originalidad/valor: Este estudio es uno de los primeros que se han centrado en este campo en Vietnam.Objetivo: O objetivo deste estudo é esclarecer os fatores que afetam o mix de promoção no E-Marketing, tendo como público-alvo específico as empresas que operam no setor de serviços de tecnologia no Vietnã.. Referencial teórico: Com base na teoria da promoção e na teoria das trocas sociais, este estudo se concentra nos fatores que influenciam a decisão de promoção nas empresas.. Desenho/metodologia/abordagem: Este estudo aplica métodos qualitativos e quantitativos com dados coletados de uma pesquisa por questionário. Resultados: Existem 4 fatores, respectivamente, Promoção de Vendas, Publicidade, Relações Públicas e Vendas Pessoais que afetam as atividades de promoção mista em E-Marketing de empresas de serviços de tecnologia no Vietnã. Pesquisa, implicações práticas e sociais: Este estudo propõe soluções para melhorar as atividades de promoção no e – marketing de empresas no Vietnã. Originalidade/valor: Este estudo é um dos primeiros estudos que se concentraram neste campo no Vietnã. Palavras-chave:  Mix de promoção; E-Marketing; Serviços de tecnologia; Vietn

Quality of life among people living with hypertension in a rural Vietnam community

Background - To respond to growing prevalence of hypertension in Vietnam, it is critical to have an in-depth understanding about quality of life (QOL) among people living with hypertension and related factors. This study aimed to measure QOL among hypertensive people in a rural community in Vietnam, and its association with socio-demographic characteristics and factors related to treatment. Methods - This study was conducted in a rural community located 60 km from Ho Chi Minh City. Face-to-face interviews were conducted among 275 hypertensive people aged 50 years and above using WHOQOL-BREF questionnaire. Descriptive statistics were used to examine mean scores of quality of life. Cronbach’s alpha coefficient and Pearson’s correlation coefficient were applied to estimate the internal consistency, and the level of agreement between different domains of WHOQOL-BREF, respectively. Independent T-test and ANOVA test followed by multiple linear regression analyses were used to measure the association between QOL domains and independent variables. Results - Both overall WHOQOL-BREF and each domain had a good internal consistency, ranging from 0.65 to 0.88. The QOL among hypertensive patients was found moderate in all domains, except for psychological domain that was fairly low (mean = 49.4). Backward multiple linear regressions revealed that being men, married, attainment of higher education, having physical activities at moderate level, and adherence to treatment were positively associated with QOL. However, older age and presence of co-morbidity were negatively associated with QOL. Conclusion - WHOQOL-BREF is a reliable instrument to measure QOL among hypertensive patients. The results revealed low QOL in psychological domain and inequality in QOL across socio-demographic characteristics. Given the results, encouraging physical activities and strengthening treatment adherence should be considered to improve QOL of hypertensive people, especially for psychological aspect. Actions to improve QOL among hypertensive patients targeted towards women, lower educated and unmarried patients are needed in the setting

Efficacy of iron fortification compared to iron supplementation among Vietnamese schoolchildren

The effect of iron fortification is generally assumed to be less than iron supplementation; however, the magnitude of difference in effects is not known. The present study aims to compare the efficacy of these two strategies on anaemia and iron status. After screening on low Hb, 425 anaemic children in six primary schools in Tam Nong district of Phu Tho province were included in a randomized, placebo-controlled trial comparing two groups receiving iron fortified instant noodles or iron supplementation for 6 months and a control group, with children in all groups having been dewormed. Blood samples were collected before and after intervention for haemoglobin, serum ferritin (SF), serum transferrin receptor (TfR), C-reactive protein (CRP), and haemoglobinopathies analysis. Regression analysis was used to assess the effect of iron fortification and iron supplementation on haemoglobin concentration, SF, TfR, body iron, and anaemic status as outcome variables. The improvement of haemoglobin, SF, and body iron level in the group receiving iron fortification was 42% (2.6 g/L versus 6.2 g/L), 20% (23.5 μg/L versus 117.3 μg/L), and 31.3% (1.4 mg/kg versus 4.4 mg/kg) of that in the iron supplementation group. The prevalence of anaemia dropped to 15.1% in the control group, with an additional reduction of anaemia of 8.5% in the iron supplementation group. The additional reduction due to iron fortification was 5.4%, which amounts to well over 50% of the impact of supplementation. In conclusion, the efficacy of iron fortification based on reduction of prevalence of anaemia, and on the change in haemoglobin level, is about half of the maximum impact of supplementation in case of optimal compliance. Thus, in a population of anaemic children with mild iron deficiency, iron fortification should be the preferred strategy to combat anaemia

Safety and efficacy of fluoxetine on functional outcome after acute stroke (AFFINITY): a randomised, double-blind, placebo-controlled trial

Background Trials of fluoxetine for recovery after stroke report conflicting results. The Assessment oF FluoxetINe In sTroke recoverY (AFFINITY) trial aimed to show if daily oral fluoxetine for 6 months after stroke improves functional outcome in an ethnically diverse population. Methods AFFINITY was a randomised, parallel-group, double-blind, placebo-controlled trial done in 43 hospital stroke units in Australia (n=29), New Zealand (four), and Vietnam (ten). Eligible patients were adults (aged ≥18 years) with a clinical diagnosis of acute stroke in the previous 2–15 days, brain imaging consistent with ischaemic or haemorrhagic stroke, and a persisting neurological deficit that produced a modified Rankin Scale (mRS) score of 1 or more. Patients were randomly assigned 1:1 via a web-based system using a minimisation algorithm to once daily, oral fluoxetine 20 mg capsules or matching placebo for 6 months. Patients, carers, investigators, and outcome assessors were masked to the treatment allocation. The primary outcome was functional status, measured by the mRS, at 6 months. The primary analysis was an ordinal logistic regression of the mRS at 6 months, adjusted for minimisation variables. Primary and safety analyses were done according to the patient's treatment allocation. The trial is registered with the Australian New Zealand Clinical Trials Registry, ACTRN12611000774921. Findings Between Jan 11, 2013, and June 30, 2019, 1280 patients were recruited in Australia (n=532), New Zealand (n=42), and Vietnam (n=706), of whom 642 were randomly assigned to fluoxetine and 638 were randomly assigned to placebo. Mean duration of trial treatment was 167 days (SD 48·1). At 6 months, mRS data were available in 624 (97%) patients in the fluoxetine group and 632 (99%) in the placebo group. The distribution of mRS categories was similar in the fluoxetine and placebo groups (adjusted common odds ratio 0·94, 95% CI 0·76–1·15; p=0·53). Compared with patients in the placebo group, patients in the fluoxetine group had more falls (20 [3%] vs seven [1%]; p=0·018), bone fractures (19 [3%] vs six [1%]; p=0·014), and epileptic seizures (ten [2%] vs two [<1%]; p=0·038) at 6 months. Interpretation Oral fluoxetine 20 mg daily for 6 months after acute stroke did not improve functional outcome and increased the risk of falls, bone fractures, and epileptic seizures. These results do not support the use of fluoxetine to improve functional outcome after stroke

Potassium buffering capacity of sandy soils from Thua Thien Hue Province, Central Vietnam, as related to soil properties

Most agricultural production in central Vietnam relies on sandy soils distributed along the sea coast. Because of their low exchangeable potassium (K) and low cation exchange capacity (CEC), careful adjustment of K fertilization on these soils is needed to minimize K leaching. Quantity/intensity curves were established on 24 sandy soils from Thua Thien Hue Province from which K buffering capacity (PBC) was calculated and compared with basic soil properties. Potassium buffering capacity was found to correlate best with soil texture and only a little with humus content, although these two characteristics are responsible for CEC. A simple equation based on sand content, which is easier to determine than clay content, is proposed to calculate optimum exchangeable K level as a function of target K level in soil solution

A new species of the genusZhangixalus(Amphibia: Rhacophoridae) from Vietnam

A new rhacophorid species is described from Vietnam on the basis of nine specimens collected in Quan Ba District, Ha Giang Province, northeastern Vietnam. The new species is morphologically similar toZhangixalus pinglongensis, Z. dorsoviridis, andZ. nigropunctatus, however, it differs from the latter by having the flank cream with large black blotches on axilla and groin. The genetic distance between the new species andZhangixalus pinglongensis, Z. dorsoviridisandZ. nigropunctatusis >3.57% (16S mtDNA gene fragment).Zhangixalus jodiaesp. nov. can be distinguished from all other species ofZhangixalusand other small rhacophorid species from Southeast Asia by a combination of the following characters: size small (SVL 36.1-39.8 mm in males); head as long as wide; vomerine teeth present; dorsal surface of head and body green without spots; axilla cream with large black blotches, groin and front-rear parts of the thigh, ventral surface of tibia black with orange blotches; lower jaw region greyish, chest and belly cream

Effect of a Growing-up Milk Containing Synbiotics on Immune Function and Growth in Children: A Cluster Randomized, Multicenter, Double-blind, Placebo Controlled Study

Common infectious diseases, such as diarrhea, are still the major cause of death in children under 5-years-old, particularly in developing countries. It is known that there is a close relationship between nutrition and immune function. To evaluate the effect of a growing-up milk containing synbiotics on immune function and child growth, we conducted a cluster randomized, multicenter, double-blind, placebo controlled clinical trial in children between 18 and 36 months of age in Vietnam. Eligible children from eight and seven kindergartens were randomly assigned to receive test and isocaloric/isoproteic control milk, respectively, for 5 months. We found that the blood immunoglobulin A (IgA) level and growth parameters were increased in the test group. Compared to the control group, there was also a trend of decreased vitamin A deficiency and fewer adverse events in the test group. These data suggest that a growing-up milk containing synbiotics may be useful in supporting immune function and promoting growth in children

Strains and virulence genes of salmonella with multidrug resistance isolated from chicken carcasses (Hanoi, Vietnam) UDC: 614:31 DOI: 10.21668/health.risk/2023.1.11.eng Authors: Xuan Da Pham1, Hao Le Thi Hong2, Huyen Tran Thi Thanh3, Long Thanh Le2, Hoa Vinh Le2, Ninh Hanh Thi2, Minh Le Tran4, Nguyen Thanh Trung2 Organization: 1Vietnam National University, Ho Chi Minh City, Vietnam 2National Institute for Food Control, 65 Fam Tan Duat Str., Hanoi, Vietnam 3Vinmec Research Institute of Stem cell and Gene Technology, Hai Ba Trung, Hanoi, Vietnam 4High School for Gifted Students, Hanoi University of Science, 182 Luong The Vinh Str., Hanoi, Vietnam Abstract: Salmonella enterica is one of dangerous food-borne pathogens listed by the World Health Organization (WHO). In Vietnam, poultry is one of the most widely eaten meats and is reported as a common source of S. enterica contamination. The aim of this study was to examine multi-resistant Salmonella strains, to identify susceptibility to antibiotics by using 15 different types of medications and to perform sequencing to analyze antibiotic resistance genes, genotypes, multi-locus sequence-based typing (MLST), and plasmids. The result of the antibiotic susceptibility test indicated that phenotypic resistance to 9–11 types of antimicrobials was confirmed in all strains. Among 06 sequenced strains, we identified 43 genes associated with antibiotic resistance: strains carrying a range of genes that are associated with aminoglycoside resistance (aac(3), aac(6), ant(3), aph(3), aph(6), aadA); all strains carried blaCTX-M-55 or blaCTX-M-65 gene, which were resistant to the 3rd generation antibiotics; there were also frequently observed sul1, sul2, sul3, tet (A), qnrS1, floR, dfrA14 or dfrA27 genes in sequenced isolates. Besides, the genome sequencing also indicated that all strains carried pathogenicity islands SPI 1, SPI 2, and SPI 3 thereby creating many potential triggers of the disease. Additionally, some carried C63PI, SPI 9, SPI 13, SPI 14, and plus some plasmids such as Col156, IncHI2, IncHI2A, IncFIB, Col (MGD2). Keywords: antimicrobials, Salmonella, multidrug resistance, virulence factor, plasmid, chicken, antibiotic resistance gen, Salmonella pathogenicity island (SPI), beta-lactam Xuan Da Pham, Hao Le Thi Hong, Huyen Tran Thi Thanh, Long Thanh Le, Hoa Vinh Le, Ninh Hanh Thi, Minh Le Tran, Nguyen Thanh Trung. Strains and virulence genes of salmonella with multidrug resistance isolated from chicken carcasses (Ha-noi, Vietnam). Health Risk Analysis, 2023, no. 1, pp. 115–123. DOI: 10.21668/health.risk/2023.1.11.eng References: Lamas A., Miranda J.M., Regal P., Vázquez B. [et al.]. A comprehensive review of non-enterica subspecies of Salmo-nella enterica. Microbiol. Res., 2018, vol. 206, pp. 60–73. DOI: 10.1016/J.MICRES.2017.09.010 Risk assessments of Salmonella in eggs and broiler chickens. FAO, WHO, 2002, 302 p. Available at: https://apps.who.int/iris/handle/10665/342257 (October 18, 2022). Hoffmann M., Luo Y., Monday S.R., Gonzalez-Escalona N. [et al.]. Tracing Origins of the Salmonella Bareilly Strain Causing a Food-borne Outbreak in the United States. J. Infect. Dis., 2016, vol. 213, pp. 502–508. DOI: 10.1093/INFDIS/JIV297 Truong H.A.V., Nguyen H.K.T., Chu V.H., Huynh Y.H. Antimicrobial susceptibility of Salmonella spp. isolated from raw meats at traditional markets in Ho Chi Minh city. Ministry of Science and Technology, 2021, vol. 63, pp. 55–59. DOI: 10.31276/VJST.63(8).55-59 Nguyen T.K., Nguyen L.T., Chau T.T.H., Nguyen T.T. [et al.]. Prevalence and antibiotic resistance of Salmonella isolated from poultry and its environment in the Mekong Delta, Vietnam. Vet. World, 2021, vol. 14, pp. 3216–3223. DOI: 10.14202/VETWORLD.2021.3216-3223 Scaltriti E., Sassera D., Comandatore F., Morganti C.M. [et al.]. Differential Single Nucleotide Polymorphism-Based Analysis of an Outbreak Caused by Salmonella enterica Serovar Manhattan Reveals Epidemiological Details Missed by Standard Pulsed-Field Gel Electrophoresis. J. Clin. Microbiol., 2015, vol. 53, pp. 1227. DOI: 10.1128/JCM.02930-14 Achtman M., Wain J., Weill F.X., Nair S. [et al.]. Multilocus sequence typing as a replacement for serotyping in Sal-monella enterica. PLoS Pathog., 2012, vol. 8. DOI: 10.1371/JOURNAL.PPAT.1002776 Gilchrist C.A., Turner S.D., Riley M.F., Petri W.A., Hewlett E.L. Whole-Genome Sequencing in Outbreak Analysis. Clin. Microbiol. Rev., 2015, vol. 28, pp. 541–563. DOI: 10.1128/CMR.00075-13 Leekitcharoenphon P., Nielsen E.M., Kaas R.S., Lund O., Aarestrup F.M. Evaluation of whole genome sequencing for outbreak detection of salmonella enterica. PLoS One, 2014, vol. 9. DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0087991 Yoshid C.E., Kruczkiewicz P., Laing C.R., Lingohr E.J. [et al.]. The salmonella in silico typing resource (SISTR): An open web-accessible tool for rapidly typing and subtyping draft salmonella genome assemblies. PLoS One, 2016, vol. 11. DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0147101 Seemann T. ABRicate: mass screening of contigs for antiobiotic resistance genes. Available at: https://github.com/tseemann/abricate (October 16, 2022). Zankari E., Hasman H., Cosentino S., Vestergaard M. [et al.]. Identification of acquired antimicrobial resistance genes. J. Antimicrob. Chemother., 2012, vol. 67, pp. 2640–2644. DOI: 10.1093/JAC/DKS261 McArthur A.G., Waglechner N., Nizam F., Yan A. [et al.]. The Comprehensive Antibiotic Resistance Database. Antimicrob. Agents Chemother., 2013, vol. 57, pp. 3348. DOI: 10.1128/AAC.00419-13 Gupta S.K., Padmanabhan B.R., Diene S.M., Lopez-Rojas R. [et al.]. ARG-ANNOT, a new bioinformatic tool to dis-cover antibiotic resistance genes in bacterial genomes. Antimicrob. Agents Chemother., 2014, vol. 58, pp. 212–220. DOI: 10.1128/AAC.01310-13 Carattoli A., Zankari E., Garciá-Fernández A., Larsen M.V. [et al.]. In Silico detection and typing of plasmids using plasmidfinder and plasmid multilocus sequence typing. Antimicrob. Agents Chemother., 2014, vol. 58, pp. 3895–3903. DOI: 10.1128/AAC.02412-14 Castro-Vargas R.E., Herrera-Sánchez M.P., Rodríguez-Hernández R., Rondón-Barragán I.S. Antibiotic resistance in Salmonella spp. isolated from poultry: A global overview. Vet. World, 2020, vol. 13, pp. 2070–2084. DOI: 10.14202/VETWORLD.2020.2070-2084 Donado-Godoy P., Bernal J.F., Rodríguez F., Gomez Y. [et al.]. Genome sequences of multidrug-resistant Salmonella enterica serovar Paratyphi B (dT+) and Heidelberg strains from the Colombian poultry chain. Genome Announc., 2015, vol. 3. DOI: 10.1128/genomeA.01265-15 Nakayama T., le Thi H., Thanh P.N., Minh D.T.N. [et al.]. Abundance of colistin-resistant Escherichia coli harbouring mcr-1 and extended-spectrum β-lactamase-producing E. coli co-harbouring blaCTX-M-55 or -65 with blaTEM isolates from chicken meat in Vietnam. Archives of Microbiology, 2022, vol. 204, pp. 137. DOI: 10.1007/S00203-021-02746-0 Received: 12.10.2022 Approved: 21.03.2023 Accepted for publication: 24.03.2023 You are here Home About » Journal Concept Publishing credentials Charter Editorial Board » Editor in chief Deputy Chief Editor Executive editor Editorial policy Advertising Policy Open Access Journal indexing Reviewing Current Issue Archive For Authors Contacts RUS Search form Search

Salmonella enterica is one of dangerous food-borne pathogens listed by the World Health Organization (WHO). In Vietnam, poultry is one of the most widely eaten meats and is reported as a common source of S. enterica contamination. The aim of this study was to examine multi-resistant Salmonella strains, to identify susceptibility to antibiotics by using 15 different types of medications and to perform sequencing to analyze antibiotic resistance genes, genotypes, multi-locus sequence-based typing (MLST), and plasmids. The result of the antibiotic susceptibility test indicated that phenotypic resistance to 9–11 types of antimicrobials was confirmed in all strains. Among 06 sequenced strains, we identified 43 genes associated with antibiotic resistance: strains carrying a range of genes that are associated with aminoglycoside resistance (aac(3), aac(6), ant(3), aph(3), aph(6), aadA); all strains carried blaCTX-M-55 or blaCTX-M-65 gene, which were resistant to the 3rd generation antibiotics; there were also frequently observed sul1, sul2, sul3, tet (A), qnrS1, floR, dfrA14 or dfrA27 genes in sequenced isolates. Besides, the genome sequencing also indicated that all strains carried pathogenicity islands SPI 1, SPI 2, and SPI 3 thereby creating many potential triggers of the disease. Additionally, some carried C63PI, SPI 9, SPI 13, SPI 14, and plus some plasmids such as Col156, IncHI2, IncHI2A, IncFIB, Col (MGD2)

Exploring Freshwater Regimes and Impact Factors in the Coastal Estuaries of the Vietnamese Mekong Delta

Freshwater resources make an essential contribution to the livelihoods of millions of local people in the coastal estuaries of the Vietnamese Mekong Delta (VMD). However, coastal freshwaters currently face numerous threats, not least (i) changing tidal dynamics due to sea level rise and (ii) changes in river regimes due to dam construction upstream. This research explores the evolution of freshwater regimes in these coastal estuaries. Using process diagrams, freshwater distributions are mapped and analyzed. Application of statistical methods provides insight into freshwater flow cycles and variations in water regimes upstream at various measurement points within the estuaries. A previously calibrated and validated hydraulic model is used to simulate drought-year scenarios and spatial changes in freshwaters over time. Findings indicate decreasing river discharges in the flood season, but increasing discharges in the dry season, due to the impacts of hydropower dams. In addition, the driest months are shifting earlier. From this data, we derive rules of thumb regarding freshwater distributions in the coastal estuaries of the VMD. These relate to (i) the boundary beyond which freshwater is always found; (ii) the boundary where freshwater appears daily; (iii) the start of the freshwater season; (iii) the boundary where freshwater appears until February and until April; (iv) the end of the flood season; and (v) the number of days without freshwater per year. The trends discerned will help local freshwater users and decision makers formulate forward-looking, flexible strategies for freshwater exploitation, while also providing avenues for further research