Emergence and Fixing of Antiviral Resistance in Influenza A Via Recombination and Hitch Hiking

The dramatic rise of oseltamivir resistance in the H1N1 serotype in the 2007/2008 season and the fixing of H274Y in the 2008/2009 season has raised concerns regarding individuals at risk for seasonal influenza, as well as development of similar resistance in the H5N1 serotype. Previously, oseltamivir resistance produced changes in H1N1 and H3N2 at multiple positions in treated patients. In contrast, the recently reported resistance involved patients who had not recently taken oseltamivir. Moreover, the resistance was limited to the H1N1 which had acquired H274Y. Using phylogenetic analysis I show that the fixing of H274Y was due to hitch hiking on a genetic background that acquired key changes from another circulating sub-clade. H274Y jumped from clade 2C (Hong Kong/2562/2006-like) to clade 1 (New Caledonia/20/1999-like) to clade 2B (Brisbane/59/2007-like) which included multiple introductions. Sub-clades that had acquired key changes on the neuramindase and hemagglutinin genes expanded and fixed of H274Y on H1N1. These changes led to the spread of adamantane resistance on clade 2C outside of Asia, followed by the spread of oseltamivir resistance in 2007/2008 and the fixing of H274Y in 2008/2009. The hemagglutinin change, A193T, was a key component and the coincident polymorphism, S193F, was linked to the fixing of adamantane resistance in H3N2. The aggregation of key polymorphisms onto different genetic backgrounds supports a mechanism of homologous recombination between co-circulating influenza sub-clades, and provides a rationale for the prediction of vaccine targets and emergence of antiviral resistance

Concurrent Acquisition of a Single Nucleotide Polymorphism in Diverse Influenza H5N1 Clade 2.2 Sub-clades

Highly pathogenic Influenza A H5N1 was first identified in Guangdong Province in 1996, followed by human cases in Hong Kong in 1997 1,2. The number of confirmed human cases now exceeds 300, and the associated Case Fatality Rate exceeds 60% 3. The genetic diversity of the serotype continues to increase. Four distinct clades or sub-clades have been linked to human cases 4-7. The gradual genetic changes identified in the sub-clades have been attributed to copy errors by viral encoded polymerases that lack an editing function, thereby resulting in antigenic drift 8. We report here the concurrent acquisition of the same polymorphism by multiple, genetically distinct, clade 2.2 sub-clades in Egypt, Russia, and Ghana. These changes are not easily explained by the current theory of “random mutation” through copy error, and are more easily explained by recombination with a common source. This conclusion is supported by additional polymorphisms shared by clade 2.2 isolates in Egypt and Germany

GEOGRAPHICAL CONTEXT AND NATURAL ENVIRONMENT PRESERVATION IN LOCAL CULTURE (A study on the Ritual of Penti in Manggarai, Flores NTT)

Indonesia has a great number of local cultures. Such local cultures exist along with the values, norms, and thought of the society. One of the local culture in question is Penti ceremony that is conducted anually by Manggaraian people in the west of Flores. This study was an attempt to reveal the the geographical context found in the ritual of penti ceremony. To gather the data, interview and observation were carried out and were analyzed in some stages namely data reduction, data display and verfication. The results have shown that the geographical context in the penti covers both natural spatial and social aspects. The natural spatial aspect is concerned with the selection of the locations where the the ritual of penti is carried out. The selected locations were regarded as media for communication and.were as reflections of interpersonal relations and the cosmological view of the Manggarain community towards nature. Meanwhile, the social aspect regulates the social relations of the community which is manifested in the form of norms, ethics, and prohibitions. As a conclusion, the geographical context in the ritual of penti is closely related to natural environment preservation and social life sustainbility. Keywords: penti; spatial and social geograph

RESILIENSI ANAK PASCA BENCANA: LITERATUR REVIEW

Latar Belakang: Bencana mengancam kehidupan jutaan anak. Anak merupakan kelompok usia terbesar yang mengalami bencana di seluruh dunia. Diperkirakan  ada lebih dari 100 juta anak terpapar bencana setiap tahun.  Anak termasuk dalam kelompok beresiko yang paling rentan. Dampak bencana pada kelompok usia anak lebih mengkhawatirkan dibanding usia dewasa. Anak lebih beresiko mengalami trauma akibat bencana. Resiko tersebut tergantung pada tingkat perkembangan kognitif dan emosi. Resiliensi dibutuhkan untuk proses recovery survivor bencana. Resiliensi yang dimiliki oleh individu akan menurunkan tingkat PTSD. Penelitian ini bertujuan untuk meninjau secara sistematis faktor-faktor yang mempengaruhi resiliensi anak setelah bencana. Subjek dan Metode: Literatur review dibuat berdasarkan metode kuantitatif dengan  model PRISMA. Variabel dependen adalah resiliensi anak. Variabel independen adalah  ikatan positif  pengasuh utama, regulasi emosi, fleksibilitas kognitif, persepsi, kontrol  dan  dukungan sosial. Dari 31 artikel, 5 artikel yang memenuhi kriteria inklusi dan eksklusi yang dipilih untuk penelitian ini. Artikel-artikel tersebut dikumpulkan dari 3 sumber basis data meliputi EBSCOhost, Science Direct dan Pubmed. Hasil: faktor-faktor psikososial kunci yang terkait dengan resiliensi. Faktor psikososial kunci tersebut termasuk pentingnya ikatan positif dengan pengasuh utama selama perkembangan, regulasi emosi, fleksibilitas kognitif, persepsi dan kontrol serta ketersediaan dukungan sosial untuk resiliensi di sepanjang rentang usia. Kesimpulan: Resiliensi pada anak dipengaruhi oleh faktor psikososial. Resiliensi membantu kesiapan menghadapi bencana dan meminimalkan dampaknya

Complete genome sequences of two feline Leukemia virus subgroup B isolates with novel recombination sites

It is generally accepted that all primary isolates of feline leukemia virus (FeLV) contain a subgroup A virus (FeLV-A) that is essential for transmission. In contrast, FeLV-B is thought to arise de novo in the infected animal through RNA recombination events with endogenous FeLV transcripts, presumably through copackaging of RNA from endogenous FeLV and exogenous FeLV-A. Here, we report the complete genome sequences of two novel strains of FeLV-B (FeLV-2518 and FeLV-4314) that were isolated in the absence of FeLV-A. The env genes of these isolates have been characterized previously, and the 3′ recombination sites have been identified. We describe herein the 5′ recombination breakpoints of each virus. These breakpoints were found to be within the signal peptide of the env gene and the reverse transcriptase-coding region, respectively. This is the first report of a recombination site within the pol gene of an FeLV-B genome and the first genetic characterization of multiple independently arising FeLV-B isolates that have been identified without a functional FeLV-A ancestral virus

H5N1 Clade 2.2 Polymorphism Tracing Identifies Influenza Recombination and Potential Vaccine Targets

Highly pathogenic Influenza A H5N1 was first identified in Guangdong Province in 1996, followed by human cases in Hong Kong in 1997 1. The number of confirmed human cases now exceeds 300 and the associated Case Fatality Rate exceeds 60% 2. The genetic diversity of the serotype continues to increase. Four distinct clades or sub-clades have been linked to human cases 3.4. The gradual genetic changes identified in the sub-clades have been attributed to copy errors by viral encoded polymerases that lack an editing function, thereby resulting in antigenic drift 5. We traced polymorphism acquisition in Clade 2.2 sequences. We report here the concurrent acquisition of the same polymorphism by multiple, genetically distinct, Clade 2.2 sub-clades in Egypt, Russia and Ghana. These changes are not easily explained by the current theory of “random mutation” through copy error, and are more easily explained by recombination with a common source. This conclusion is supported by additional polymorphisms shared by Clade 2.2 isolates in Egypt, Nigeria and Germany including aggregation of regional polymorphisms from each of these areas into a single Nigerian human hemagglutinin gene

THE RISK OF VIOLENT BEHAVIOR : A CASE STUDY

Background: Risk Violent behavior is an individual condition that will endanger oneself, others, family and society. Individuals at risk of violent behavior need psychiatric nursing care to overcome the nursing problems they experience. This study aims to discuss nursing care comprehensively from assessment to evaluation of clients at risk of violent behavior.             Case report: The results of the client have a history of traffic accidents and experienced a collision in the head area but at the request of the family, surgery was carried out. After the accident, the family got changes in the client, namely irritability, tantrums, talking and smiling by themselves and seeing things that were not tangible. The implementation of nursing is given to clients in the form of physical exercises: deep breaths and hitting the pillow mattress, assertive exercises and spiritual exercises. The client's family is given nursing education about how to care for the client. The nursing evaluation found that the client was able to do physical exercise and assertive exercise. Families can recognize problems and motivate clients to do the exercises that have been taught by the nurse.             Conclusion: The risk of violent behavior is one of the mental nursing problems that can be found in clients with mental disorders with a history of head trauma

Redesigning the Future of Experiential Learning

In response to the call for more work-ready graduates, many academic programs have looked toward experiential learning to close the gap between theory and practice. Rather than sending students off campus, we have chosen instead to create an on-campus experience consisting of a series of two credit courses. Each course is the outcome of a collaborative process that relies on the expertise and experience of industry professionals who help develop and ultimately deliver a customized learning experience. These activity-based, guided learning experiences provide an inside look at how core knowledge can be applied to real work processes and problems