Metropolde çeşitlenen hanehalkları ve konut

For a few decades, due to the globalization, inherent dynamics of city life (speed, movement, etc.), and the penetration of communication technologies into everyday life, the ratio of alternative small households to nuclear family is gradually increasing and alternative 'lifestyles' are emerging most significantly in metropolises.Although households are becoming varied in almost every part of the world, they have distinctive needs and expectations depending on the authentic dwelling culture of that special 'context', in addition to some common ones. Istanbul as a metropol which had experienced 3.6 average household size in the 19th century (Duben and Behar, 1996) and sheltering non-family household groups more than the avarage of Turkey today is a very special case with its urbanization dynamics experienced through current economic and politic developments. The reflection of nuclear family life in domestic space might be considered static and standardized. In Turkish society the privacy of the family has a priority and it is respected by relatives, neighbors and etc. On the other hand, alternative small households might introduce different dynamics to space use and carry out the potential of examining current space organizations. Starting with the 1970s, new living environments have developed in Western countries to eliminate the lack of communication experienced within smaller communities in cities, providing social support mechanisms, and bringing together diverse household types and generations. However, despite new values and differentiating household types the housing stock of Istanbul is gradually becoming alike. Besides the debates on suitability of this housing stock for today?s family and lifestyles, alternative and mostly small households are to find a place, minimizing their adequacy criteria without any expectation of social support. Moreover, while the ratio of small households is increasing the production of small housing with 1 or 2 rooms are drastically decreasing. (Balamir, 1996). According to 2000 census room number of houses in Istanbul does not change according to household size which might be considered as an indicator of that problem (DIE, 2000). The research explores the transaction of non-traditional alternative households (lone-person households, single parent families, donks and house sharing friends) with the built environment; their relations, activities and place definitions. Those problematics are examined through certain concepts such as attachment, privacy, flexibility, fluidity and temporariness based on the contextual model of the research. Qualitative and quantitative research methods are used in a dialectical relationship, however the qualitative aspect of the research is more dominant and various data collecting (deep interviews, photo-interview, semantic differential scale, observation) and analyzing techniques are made use of. The findings of the research reveal that household type is one of the major factors, which determines the transaction of people with the built environment. In all scales diversified and distinctive features of alternative households came out in the framework of related concepts (attachment, privacy, flexibility, fluidity and temporariness). However, it is possible to mention that some concepts are more significant for certain household types in certain scales. Diverse households have different needs and expectations pertaining built environment. In this context, it can be claimed that the meanings they attach to space, their use of space and activities within the space are diversified. Yet, people involve in various household types in the course of their life times. Hence, the design of the built environment -both the city in terms of the housing stock it consists of, and  the houses themselves- should accomodate such diversity and flexibility. From this point of view, it is possible to mention deficiency of experiment and experience in Turkey. Some exported housing types addressing high income groups -even though not providing the necessary attributes- are used as marketing tools and images are sold. The research findings confirm the assumption that in metropolitan conditions of Istanbul, alternative small households need social support and new living environments addressing their differentiating needs and expectations. House should be reconsidered as a proposition of a lifestyle beyond just being an architectural solution. Moreover, its multifaceted relationship with the environment should be defined as a major area of investigation, taking account of the potential users of the housing market. It is essential to develop social housing policies that do not lack design considerations but promote participation, innovation and experimentalism. Keywords: Small households, transaction with the built environment.Günümüz metropollerinde, konut kullanıcılarının demografik özellikleri hızla değişmekte; özellikle son birkaç on yıldır küreselleşme, iletişim teknolojilerinin gündelik hayatın içine dahil olması ve bireylerin kırsal kesimdekinden çok farklı dinamiklere ayak uydurmak zorunda kalmaları ile çekirdek ailelere alternatif hanehalklarının, nüfus içindeki oranı artmakta ve yeni ‘yaşam biçimleri’ ortaya çıkmaktadır. Hemen her coğrafyada hanehalkları çeşitlenmekle birlikte, farklı coğrafyalarda çeşitlenen hanehalklarının ortak birtakım ihtiyaç ve beklentilerinin yanında o ‘yer’e ait dinamiklerden, oranın barınma kültüründen kaynaklanan özgün ihtiyaç ve beklentilerinin de olabileceği düşünülmektedir. Çekirdek aileye alternatif küçük hanehalklarının (yalnız yaşayanlar, tek ebeveynli aileler, çift gelirli çocuksuz aileler ve evi paylaşan arkadaşlar vb.) mekan kullanımına farklı dinamikler getirdiği ve bu dinamiklerin mevcut mekansal örgütlenmenin sorgulanmasına araç olma potansiyeli taşıdığı varsayımından hareketle bu çalışma, metropol (İstanbul), semt ve konut ölçeklerinde alternatif hanehalklarının yapılı çevre ile etkileşimlerini; farklılaşan ilişkilerini, aktivitelerini ve yer tanımlarını anlamaya yönelik olarak kurgulanmıştır. Bu sorunsallar önerilen bağlamsal çerçeveden yola çıkılarak aidiyet, mahremiyet, esneklik, geçirgenlik ve geçicilik kavramları üzerinden sorgulanmıştır. Araştırmanın bulguları, hanehalkı türünün, bireyin yapılı çevre ile etkileşiminde önemli bir belirleyici olduğunu ortaya koymakta; metropol şartlarında çekirdek aileye alternatif hanehalklarının çevresel desteğe ve farklılaşan ihtiyaçlarına cevap verecek yeni konut ve yaşam çevrelerine ihtiyaç duydukları varsayımını doğrulamaktadır. Çalışma aynı zamanda, alternatif hanehalklarına yönelik yeni konut ve yaşam çevrelerinin tasarımına katkı sağlayacak bazı ipuçları ortaya koymaktadır. Anahtar Kelimeler: Küçük hanehalkları, insan-yapılı çevre etkileşimi

Deneysel Psikoloji Kitabı- Bölüm 20

Deneysel Psikoloji kitabında yer alan "Göz Hareketlerinin Ölçümü" bölümündeki resimle

Changes on teacher self-efficacy and attitudes towards teaching profession from candidacy to induction

Bu araştırmada öğretmen özyeterlik inançları ile öğretmenlik mesleğine yönelik tutumların dört yıllık lisans eğitimi süresince ve ilk görev yılının sonundaki değişiminin incelenmesi amaçlanmıştır. Çalışma nicel araştırma yöntemlerinden boylamsal taramayla yürütülmüştür. Ege Üniversitesi Eğitim Fakültesi İlköğretim Bölümü Sınıf Öğretmenliği Programı’na 2006–2007 güz döneminde başlayan öğrencilere öğretmen özyeterlik ölçeği ve öğretmenlik mesleğine yönelik tutum ölçeği her öğretim yılının sonunda (Mayıs/Haziran 2007–2008–2009–2010) ve mesleğe başladıkları ilk yılın sonunda (Temmuz-Eylül 2011) uygulanmıştır (n=32). Bulgular, lisans eğitimi boyunca öğretmen özyeterlik inançlarının anlamlı derecede arttığını, ancak mesleğe yönelik tutumların anlamlı olarak değişmediğini göstermektedir. İlk öğretmenlik yılının sonunda da aynı sonuçlar elde edilmiş; öğretmen özyeterliği anlamlı derecede yükselmiş, mesleğe yönelik tutumlar yükselse de anlamlı farklılık görülmemiştir.In this study, it is aimed to investigate changes in teacher self-efficacy and attitudes towards teaching profession from entry into a four-year pre-service teacher education program through the induction year. The study was conducted through a longitudinal design within the quantitative research tradition. The teacher self-efficacy scale and attitude towards profession of teaching scale were administered to students who enrolled the Primary Teacher Education Program at Faculty of Education of Ege University on 2006–2007 fall semester, at the end of each academic year (May/June of 2007–2008–2009–2010) and at the end of the induction year (June- September 2011, n=32). The results indicated that teacher self-efficacy beliefs have significantly increased, however attitudes toward profession of teaching have not significantly changed during pre-service education. At the end of the induction year, the same results were obtained; teacher self-efficacy has significantly increased, although attitudes toward profession have increased, no significant difference has been observed