The world of interpretations in culture space

Text interpretation is essentially a dialogical form of knowledge. The sense of a text exists in reality only within human communication, within a situation of a dialogue. Dialogue turns out to be impossible when its participants only consider the interlocutor's messages through their own usual and limited set of senses, or they try to fully perceive the interlocutor’s way of comprehension by tending to break all links with their sociocultural environment’s normative-valued system

Corrosion-electrochemical behavior of nickel in an alkali metal carbonate melt under a chlorine-containing atmosphere

The corrosion-electrochemical behavior of a nickel electrode is studied in the melt of lithium, sodium, and potassium (40: 30: 30 mol %) carbonates in the temperature range 500-600°C under an oxidizing atmosphere CO2 + 0.5O2 (2: 1), which is partly replaced by gaseous chlorine (30, 50, 70%) in some experiments. In other experiments, up to 5 wt % chloride of sodium peroxide is introduced in a salt melt. A change in the gas-phase composition is shown to affect the mechanism of nickel corrosion. © 2013 Pleiades Publishing, Ltd

Basket of Growth: New Export Industries in Sverdlovsk Region

The authors examine an export basket and reveal the new export goods for Sverdlovsk region, which might be used to transform the productive structure and upgrade export of the region. For each product, in which the region might develop its comparative advantage, the authors develop a measure of efforts, which are supposed to be made to include this good into the export basket, and a measure of the income level for the product. As a result the authors get a cluster of new and the most attractive export goods. Special methodology is used to choose the best cities to allocate the production of the new export goods.Export goods, comparative advantages, industrial cluster, production allocation

Alternative pathways of the initial transformation of 2,4,6-trinitrotoluene by yeasts

A new model for the initial transformation of 2,4,6-trinitrotoluene (TNT) by facultatively anaerobic and aerobic yeasts is presented. The model is based on the data that Saccharomyces sp. ZS-Al was able to reduce the nitrogroups of TNT with the formation of 2- and 4-hydroxyaminodinitrotoluenes (2-HADNT and 4-HADNT) as the major early TNT metabolites (the molar HADNT/TNT ratio reached 0.81), whereas aminodinitrotoluenes (ADNTs) and the hydride-Meisenheimer complex of TNT (H-TNT) were the minor products. Candida sp. AN-L13 almost completely transformed TNT into H-TNT through the reduction of the aromatic ring. Candida sp. AN-L14 transformed TNT through a combination of the two mechanisms described. Aeration stimulated the production of HADNT from TNT, whereas yeast incubation under stationary conditions promoted the formation of HADNT. The transformation of TNT into HADNT led to a tenfold increase in the acute toxicity of the TNT preparation with respect to Paramecium caudatum, whereas the increase in the toxicity was about twofold in the case of the alternative attack at the aromatic ring

Alternative pathways of the initial transformation of 2,4,6-trinitrotoluene by yeasts

A new model for the initial transformation of 2,4,6-trinitrotoluene (TNT) by facultatively anaerobic and aerobic yeasts is presented. The model is based on the data that Saccharomyces sp. ZS-Al was able to reduce the nitrogroups of TNT with the formation of 2- and 4-hydroxyaminodinitrotoluenes (2-HADNT and 4-HADNT) as the major early TNT metabolites (the molar HADNT/TNT ratio reached 0.81), whereas aminodinitrotoluenes (ADNTs) and the hydride-Meisenheimer complex of TNT (H-TNT) were the minor products. Candida sp. AN-L13 almost completely transformed TNT into H-TNT through the reduction of the aromatic ring. Candida sp. AN-L14 transformed TNT through a combination of the two mechanisms described. Aeration stimulated the production of HADNT from TNT, whereas yeast incubation under stationary conditions promoted the formation of HADNT. The transformation of TNT into HADNT led to a tenfold increase in the acute toxicity of the TNT preparation with respect to Paramecium caudatum, whereas the increase in the toxicity was about twofold in the case of the alternative attack at the aromatic ring. © 2002 MAIK "Nauka/Interperiodica"

Structure-Sensitive Mechanism of Nanographene Failure

The response of a nanographene sheet to external stresses is considered in terms of a mechanochemical reaction. The quantum chemical realization of the approach is based on a coordinate-of-reaction concept for the purpose of introducing a mechanochemical internal coordinate (MIC) that specifies a deformational mode. The related force of response is calculated as the energy gradient along the MIC, while the atomic configuration is optimized over all of the other coordinates under the MIC constant-pitch elongation. The approach is applied to the benzene molecule and (5, 5) nanographene. A drastic anisotropy in the microscopic behavior of both objects under elongation along a MIC has been observed when the MIC is oriented either along or normally to the C-C bonds chain. Both the anisotropy and high stiffness of the nanographene originate at the response of the benzenoid unit to stress.Comment: 19 pages, 7 figures 1 tabl

Defeat Hepatobiliary System and Pancreas in Inflammatory Bowel Disease

Extraintestinal manifestations and complications of inflammatory bowel disease currently represents one of the most mysterious phenomenon in gastroenterology. Special interest is caused damages of liver, biliary system and pancreas, as constituent organs of the digestive system and first responders not only to inflammation of the intestinal mucosa, but also for medicines taken by patients for induction and maintenance of remission

Intestinal and Extraintestinal Manifestations of Inflammatory Bowel Disease

The problem of inflammatory bowel disease draws constant attention not only of gastroenterologists but also surgeons - coloproctologists and other doctors. These related to the growing incidence of this pathology in the world, as well as the diversity of clinical manifestations, including severe extraintestinal manifestations and complications, which in clinical practice, faced not only gastroenterologists. In most cases, inflammatory bowel disease leads to permanent disability cases, which makes this problem not only medical but also socially relevant