Modelo de vivienda interes social con cubierta verde extensiva en la ciudad de Girardot - Cundinamarca

Diseñar y encontrar un modelo adecuado de “CUBIERTA VERDE EXTENSIVA” utilizando Residuos de construcción y demolición (RCD) para la Ciudad de Girardot, Colombia; que cumpla con los requerimientos expuestos en el Reglamento colombiano de Construcción Sismo Resistente (NSR-10).Girardot - Cundinamarca, es un municipio en donde se presenta gran población, la cual hasta la fecha no se le ha dado un buen manejo de planificación a los residuos de construcción y demolición para mitigar la contaminación visual y de espacios; que representa tener acumulación de estos, pues según investigaciones realizadas en esta ciudad no hay un depósito legal para dejar los escombros (RCD) lo que genera el inadecuado uso y como consecuencia sitios que a futuro se podrían construir se mostraran inestables, por este tipo de falencias en la ciudad los proyectos de casas (VIS) tienen como resultado un agrietamiento con el tiempo ya que se construyen en rellenos; cabe resaltar que la construcción de proyectos de vivienda está en su furor en la localidad es por este motivo, que se quiere una solución sostenible con este material; por un lado en esta urbe también se ve la necesidad de modelar viviendas de interés social con “Características de diseño para bajar los gradientes de temperatura mediante una cubierta verde extensiva” puesto que al realizar encuestas se evidencio que el clima es un componente principal para la calidad de vida de las personas; este informe da por concluido el trabajo de grado y sirve de insumo al proceso investigativo en la etapa de trabajo de campo. El objetivo del proyecto es describir el impacto que tiene el clima frente a los inmuebles en los diferentes estratos de la ciudad; realizando las variaciones de una cubierta convencional a una verde extensiva desarrollando dos prototipos, cada una con las distintas características que las delimita cada cubierta ya mencionada; observándose a la luz de un análisis el cual permite vincular teórica y metodológicamente la relación entre el cuidado del medio ambiente, construcción de viviendas y bienestar municipal. Por último, el desarrollo del proyecto comprende tres momentos: 1) elaboración del proyecto de investigación, 2) indagación bibliográfica y analítica, y 3) trabajo de campo, estadísticas de cuestionarios y resultados.Girardot - Cundinamarca, is a municipality where there is a large population, which to date has not been given a good planning management to construction and demolition waste to mitigate visual and space pollution; which represents an accumulation of these, because according to research carried out in this city there is no legal deposit to leave the rubble (RCD) which generates the inappropriate use and as a consequence sites that could be built in the future are shown to be unstable, For this type of flaws in the city the projects of houses (VIS) have as a result a cracking over time since they are built in fillers; it should be noted that the construction of housing projects is in its furor in the town is for this reason, that a sustainable solution is wanted with this material; on the one hand in this city is also seen the need to model housing of social interest with "Design features for lowering temperature gradients through extensive green cover" since surveys show that climate is a major component of people’s quality of life; This report concludes the degree work and serves as input to the research process at the field work stage. The objective of the project is to describe the impact that the climate has against the buildings in the different strata of the city; making the variations from a conventional roof to an extensive green developing two prototypes, Each one with the different characteristics that delimit them each cover already mentioned; being observed in light of an analysis that allows to link theoretically and methodologically the relationship between the care of the environment, construction of houses and municipal welfare. Finally, the development of the project comprises three parts: 1) preparation of the research project, 2) bibliographic and analytical inquiry, and 3) field work, questionnaire statistics and results

Modelo de vivienda interes social con cubierta verde extensiva en la ciudad de Girardot - Cundinamarca

Diseñar y encontrar un modelo adecuado de “CUBIERTA VERDE EXTENSIVA” utilizando Residuos de construcción y demolición (RCD) para la Ciudad de Girardot, Colombia; que cumpla con los requerimientos expuestos en el Reglamento colombiano de Construcción Sismo Resistente (NSR-10).Girardot - Cundinamarca, es un municipio en donde se presenta gran población, la cual hasta la fecha no se le ha dado un buen manejo de planificación a los residuos de construcción y demolición para mitigar la contaminación visual y de espacios; que representa tener acumulación de estos, pues según investigaciones realizadas en esta ciudad no hay un depósito legal para dejar los escombros (RCD) lo que genera el inadecuado uso y como consecuencia sitios que a futuro se podrían construir se mostraran inestables, por este tipo de falencias en la ciudad los proyectos de casas (VIS) tienen como resultado un agrietamiento con el tiempo ya que se construyen en rellenos; cabe resaltar que la construcción de proyectos de vivienda está en su furor en la localidad es por este motivo, que se quiere una solución sostenible con este material; por un lado en esta urbe también se ve la necesidad de modelar viviendas de interés social con “Características de diseño para bajar los gradientes de temperatura mediante una cubierta verde extensiva” puesto que al realizar encuestas se evidencio que el clima es un componente principal para la calidad de vida de las personas; este informe da por concluido el trabajo de grado y sirve de insumo al proceso investigativo en la etapa de trabajo de campo. El objetivo del proyecto es describir el impacto que tiene el clima frente a los inmuebles en los diferentes estratos de la ciudad; realizando las variaciones de una cubierta convencional a una verde extensiva desarrollando dos prototipos, cada una con las distintas características que las delimita cada cubierta ya mencionada; observándose a la luz de un análisis el cual permite vincular teórica y metodológicamente la relación entre el cuidado del medio ambiente, construcción de viviendas y bienestar municipal. Por último, el desarrollo del proyecto comprende tres momentos: 1) elaboración del proyecto de investigación, 2) indagación bibliográfica y analítica, y 3) trabajo de campo, estadísticas de cuestionarios y resultados.Girardot - Cundinamarca, is a municipality where there is a large population, which to date has not been given a good planning management to construction and demolition waste to mitigate visual and space pollution; which represents an accumulation of these, because according to research carried out in this city there is no legal deposit to leave the rubble (RCD) which generates the inappropriate use and as a consequence sites that could be built in the future are shown to be unstable, For this type of flaws in the city the projects of houses (VIS) have as a result a cracking over time since they are built in fillers; it should be noted that the construction of housing projects is in its furor in the town is for this reason, that a sustainable solution is wanted with this material; on the one hand in this city is also seen the need to model housing of social interest with "Design features for lowering temperature gradients through extensive green cover" since surveys show that climate is a major component of people’s quality of life; This report concludes the degree work and serves as input to the research process at the field work stage. The objective of the project is to describe the impact that the climate has against the buildings in the different strata of the city; making the variations from a conventional roof to an extensive green developing two prototypes, Each one with the different characteristics that delimit them each cover already mentioned; being observed in light of an analysis that allows to link theoretically and methodologically the relationship between the care of the environment, construction of houses and municipal welfare. Finally, the development of the project comprises three parts: 1) preparation of the research project, 2) bibliographic and analytical inquiry, and 3) field work, questionnaire statistics and results

Reducing the environmental impact of surgery on a global scale: systematic review and co-prioritization with healthcare workers in 132 countries

Abstract Background Healthcare cannot achieve net-zero carbon without addressing operating theatres. The aim of this study was to prioritize feasible interventions to reduce the environmental impact of operating theatres. Methods This study adopted a four-phase Delphi consensus co-prioritization methodology. In phase 1, a systematic review of published interventions and global consultation of perioperative healthcare professionals were used to longlist interventions. In phase 2, iterative thematic analysis consolidated comparable interventions into a shortlist. In phase 3, the shortlist was co-prioritized based on patient and clinician views on acceptability, feasibility, and safety. In phase 4, ranked lists of interventions were presented by their relevance to high-income countries and low–middle-income countries. Results In phase 1, 43 interventions were identified, which had low uptake in practice according to 3042 professionals globally. In phase 2, a shortlist of 15 intervention domains was generated. In phase 3, interventions were deemed acceptable for more than 90 per cent of patients except for reducing general anaesthesia (84 per cent) and re-sterilization of ‘single-use’ consumables (86 per cent). In phase 4, the top three shortlisted interventions for high-income countries were: introducing recycling; reducing use of anaesthetic gases; and appropriate clinical waste processing. In phase 4, the top three shortlisted interventions for low–middle-income countries were: introducing reusable surgical devices; reducing use of consumables; and reducing the use of general anaesthesia. Conclusion This is a step toward environmentally sustainable operating environments with actionable interventions applicable to both high– and low–middle–income countries

Extirpación de las espículas del pene de cuy (Cavia porcellus) y su efecto sobre la ganancia de peso y agresividad

This research took place on the Irquis Farm, University of Cuenca, Victoria del Portete parish, Cuenca canton, province of Anzuay, Ecuador. This research studied the effects of penile spicule extirpation on weight gain and aggressiveness, ents: whole animals without castration, used as controls (T1); animals with extirpation of the gland´s spicules (T2); and chemically castrated animals, using 0.5 ml of 2 % alcohol with iodine, directly injected in each testicle (T3). A total of 90 animals were included, following a randomized block design with six treatments and five replicas. The diet consisted of forage mixture of 33-35 % dry matter, and a commercial feed supplement administered ad libitum. A covariance analysis (ANACOVA) was made, using the initial weight as co-variable. The final weight was significantly influenced by the treatment; the Tukey test resulted in greater final weight in T2, followed by T1. Their behavior was significantly different from T3 (P 0.05)

A global test of brief reappraisal interventions on emotions during the COVID-19 pandemic

The COVID-19 pandemic has increased negative emotions and decreased positive emotions globally. Left unchecked, these emotional changes might have a wide array of adverse impacts. To reduce negative emotions and increase positive emotions, we tested the effectiveness of reappraisal, an emotion regulation strategy which modifies how one thinks about a situation. Participants from 87 countries/regions (N = 21,644) were randomly assigned to one of two brief reappraisal interventions (reconstrual or repurposing) or one of two control conditions (active or passive). Results revealed that both reappraisal interventions (vs. both control conditions) had consistent effects in reducing negative emotions and increasing positive emotions across different measures. Reconstrual and repurposing had similar effects. Importantly, planned exploratory analyses indicated that reappraisal interventions did not reduce intentions to practice preventive health behaviours. The findings demonstrate the viability of creating scalable, low-cost interventions for use around the world to build resilience during the pandemic and beyond

A Global Experiment on Motivating Social Distancing during the COVID-19 Pandemic

Finding communication strategies that effectively motivate social distancing continues to be a global public health priority during the COVID-19 pandemic. This cross-country, preregistered experiment (n = 25,718 from 89 countries) tested hypotheses concerning generalizable positive and negative outcomes of social distancing messages that promoted personal agency and reflective choices (i.e., an autonomy-supportive message) or were restrictive and shaming (i.e. a controlling message) compared to no message at all. Results partially supported experimental hypotheses in that the controlling message increased controlled motivation (a poorly-internalized form of motivation relying on shame, guilt, and fear of social consequences) relative to no message. On the other hand, the autonomy-supportive message lowered feelings of defiance compared to the controlling message, but the controlling message did not differ from receiving no message at all. Unexpectedly, messages did not influence autonomous motivation (a highly-internalized form of motivation relying on one’s core values) or behavioral intentions. Results supported hypothesized associations between people’s existing autonomous and controlled motivations and self-reported behavioral intentions to engage in social distancing: Controlled motivation was associated with more defiance and less long-term behavioral intentions to engage in social distancing, whereas autonomous motivation was associated with less defiance and more short- and long-term intentions to social distance. Overall, this work highlights the potential harm of using shaming and pressuring language in public health communication, with implications for the current and future global health challenges

In COVID-19 health messaging, loss framing increases anxiety with little-to-no concomitant benefits: Experimental evidence from 84 countries

The COVID-19 pandemic (and its aftermath) highlights a critical need to communicate health information effectively to the global public. Given that subtle differences in information framing can have meaningful effects on behavior, behavioral science research highlights a pressing question: Is it more effective to frame COVID-19 health messages in terms of potential losses (e.g., “If you do not practice these steps, you can endanger yourself and others”) or potential gains (e.g., “If you practice these steps, you can protect yourself and others”)? Collecting data in 48 languages from 15,929 participants in 84 countries, we experimentally tested the effects of message framing on COVID-19-related judgments, intentions, and feelings. Loss- (vs. gain-) framed messages increased self-reported anxiety among participants cross-nationally with little-to-no impact on policy attitudes, behavioral intentions, or information seeking relevant to pandemic risks. These results were consistent across 84 countries, three variations of the message framing wording, and 560 data processing and analytic choices. Thus, results provide an empirical answer to a global communication question and highlight the emotional toll of loss-framed messages. Critically, this work demonstrates the importance of considering unintended affective consequences when evaluating nudge-style interventions

Global variation in postoperative mortality and complications after cancer surgery: a multicentre, prospective cohort study in 82 countries

© 2021 The Author(s). Published by Elsevier Ltd. This is an Open Access article under the CC BY-NC-ND 4.0 licenseBackground: 80% of individuals with cancer will require a surgical procedure, yet little comparative data exist on early outcomes in low-income and middle-income countries (LMICs). We compared postoperative outcomes in breast, colorectal, and gastric cancer surgery in hospitals worldwide, focusing on the effect of disease stage and complications on postoperative mortality. Methods: This was a multicentre, international prospective cohort study of consecutive adult patients undergoing surgery for primary breast, colorectal, or gastric cancer requiring a skin incision done under general or neuraxial anaesthesia. The primary outcome was death or major complication within 30 days of surgery. Multilevel logistic regression determined relationships within three-level nested models of patients within hospitals and countries. Hospital-level infrastructure effects were explored with three-way mediation analyses. This study was registered with ClinicalTrials.gov, NCT03471494. Findings: Between April 1, 2018, and Jan 31, 2019, we enrolled 15 958 patients from 428 hospitals in 82 countries (high income 9106 patients, 31 countries; upper-middle income 2721 patients, 23 countries; or lower-middle income 4131 patients, 28 countries). Patients in LMICs presented with more advanced disease compared with patients in high-income countries. 30-day mortality was higher for gastric cancer in low-income or lower-middle-income countries (adjusted odds ratio 3·72, 95% CI 1·70–8·16) and for colorectal cancer in low-income or lower-middle-income countries (4·59, 2·39–8·80) and upper-middle-income countries (2·06, 1·11–3·83). No difference in 30-day mortality was seen in breast cancer. The proportion of patients who died after a major complication was greatest in low-income or lower-middle-income countries (6·15, 3·26–11·59) and upper-middle-income countries (3·89, 2·08–7·29). Postoperative death after complications was partly explained by patient factors (60%) and partly by hospital or country (40%). The absence of consistently available postoperative care facilities was associated with seven to 10 more deaths per 100 major complications in LMICs. Cancer stage alone explained little of the early variation in mortality or postoperative complications. Interpretation: Higher levels of mortality after cancer surgery in LMICs was not fully explained by later presentation of disease. The capacity to rescue patients from surgical complications is a tangible opportunity for meaningful intervention. Early death after cancer surgery might be reduced by policies focusing on strengthening perioperative care systems to detect and intervene in common complications. Funding: National Institute for Health Research Global Health Research Unit

Effects of hospital facilities on patient outcomes after cancer surgery: an international, prospective, observational study

© 2022 The Author(s). Published by Elsevier Ltd. This is an Open Access article under the CC BY 4.0 licenseBackground: Early death after cancer surgery is higher in low-income and middle-income countries (LMICs) compared with in high-income countries, yet the impact of facility characteristics on early postoperative outcomes is unknown. The aim of this study was to examine the association between hospital infrastructure, resource availability, and processes on early outcomes after cancer surgery worldwide. Methods: A multimethods analysis was performed as part of the GlobalSurg 3 study—a multicentre, international, prospective cohort study of patients who had surgery for breast, colorectal, or gastric cancer. The primary outcomes were 30-day mortality and 30-day major complication rates. Potentially beneficial hospital facilities were identified by variable selection to select those associated with 30-day mortality. Adjusted outcomes were determined using generalised estimating equations to account for patient characteristics and country-income group, with population stratification by hospital. Findings: Between April 1, 2018, and April 23, 2019, facility-level data were collected for 9685 patients across 238 hospitals in 66 countries (91 hospitals in 20 high-income countries; 57 hospitals in 19 upper-middle-income countries; and 90 hospitals in 27 low-income to lower-middle-income countries). The availability of five hospital facilities was inversely associated with mortality: ultrasound, CT scanner, critical care unit, opioid analgesia, and oncologist. After adjustment for case-mix and country income group, hospitals with three or fewer of these facilities (62 hospitals, 1294 patients) had higher mortality compared with those with four or five (adjusted odds ratio [OR] 3·85 [95% CI 2·58–5·75]; p<0·0001), with excess mortality predominantly explained by a limited capacity to rescue following the development of major complications (63·0% vs 82·7%; OR 0·35 [0·23–0·53]; p<0·0001). Across LMICs, improvements in hospital facilities would prevent one to three deaths for every 100 patients undergoing surgery for cancer. Interpretation: Hospitals with higher levels of infrastructure and resources have better outcomes after cancer surgery, independent of country income. Without urgent strengthening of hospital infrastructure and resources, the reductions in cancer-associated mortality associated with improved access will not be realised. Funding: National Institute for Health and Care Research