Parallels of Love and Hate Defined by Attachments

The assertion, “It’s a thin line between love and hate,” is often referenced to express the relative ease of a sole emotion morphing from one extreme to next. Both love and hate generate the same physiological fluctuations which include, but are not limited to, a racing pulse, sweaty palms, releasing of hormones, and some degree of excitability. While physiologically the responses are the same, psychologically and philosophically they are considered opposites. In the sphere of psychology, it is going from what is considered normal behavior or a normal response to abnormal behavior or an abnormal response (McKay, 2016). For this research a systematic review of the literature was conducted to accomplish three tasks. First, define love and hate and their interactions with the body/mind through the lens of key philosophers, psychologists, and biological scientists. Second, how love and hate are intimately associated within the human psyche and formed through attachments is explored. Third, how two opposing feelings travel on the same emotional circuit is examined. Emotions and feelings of love and hate are powerful, dynamic, and in constant flux. They process an aesthetic value, which inspires us to great heights and lures us to the lowest depths of the human condition. Hence, they are a fascinating phenomenon fitting and worthy of exploration

SALL1 enforces microglia-specific DNA binding and function of SMADs to establish microglia identity

Spalt-like transcription factor 1 (SALL1) is a critical regulator of organogenesis and microglia identity. Here we demonstrate that disruption of a conserved microglia-specific super-enhancer interacting with the Sall1 promoter results in complete and specific loss of Sall1 expression in microglia. By determining the genomic binding sites of SALL1 and leveraging Sall1 enhancer knockout mice, we provide evidence for functional interactions between SALL1 and SMAD4 required for microglia-specific gene expression. SMAD4 binds directly to the Sall1 super-enhancer and is required for Sall1 expression, consistent with an evolutionarily conserved requirement of the TGFβ and SMAD homologs Dpp and Mad for cell-specific expression of Spalt in the Drosophila wing. Unexpectedly, SALL1 in turn promotes binding and function of SMAD4 at microglia-specific enhancers while simultaneously suppressing binding of SMAD4 to enhancers of genes that become inappropriately activated in enhancer knockout microglia, thereby enforcing microglia-specific functions of the TGFβ–SMAD signaling axis.</p

2021 Taxonomic update of phylum Negarnaviricota (Riboviria: Orthornavirae), including the large orders Bunyavirales and Mononegavirales.

Correction to: 2021 Taxonomic update of phylum Negarnaviricota (Riboviria: Orthornavirae), including the large orders Bunyavirales and Mononegavirales. Archives of Virology (2021) 166:3567–3579. https://doi.org/10.1007/s00705-021-05266-wIn March 2021, following the annual International Committee on Taxonomy of Viruses (ICTV) ratification vote on newly proposed taxa, the phylum Negarnaviricota was amended and emended. The phylum was expanded by four families (Aliusviridae, Crepuscuviridae, Myriaviridae, and Natareviridae), three subfamilies (Alpharhabdovirinae, Betarhabdovirinae, and Gammarhabdovirinae), 42 genera, and 200 species. Thirty-nine species were renamed and/or moved and seven species were abolished. This article presents the updated taxonomy of Negarnaviricota as now accepted by the ICTV.This work was supported in part through Laulima Government Solutions, LLC prime contract with the US National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases (NIAID) under Contract No. HHSN272201800013C. J.H.K. performed this work as an employee of Tunnell Government Services (TGS), a subcontractor of Laulima Government Solutions, LLC under Contract No. HHSN272201800013C. This work was also supported in part with federal funds from the National Cancer Institute (NCI), National Institutes of Health (NIH), under Contract No. 75N91019D00024, Task Order No. 75N91019F00130 to I.C., who was supported by the Clinical Monitoring Research Program Directorate, Frederick National Lab for Cancer Research. This work was also funded in part by Contract No. HSHQDC-15-C-00064 awarded by DHS S&T for the management and operation of The National Biodefense Analysis and Countermeasures Center, a federally funded research and development center operated by the Battelle National Biodefense Institute (V.W.); and NIH contract HHSN272201000040I/HHSN27200004/D04 and grant R24AI120942 (N.V., R.B.T.). S.S. acknowledges partial support from the Special Research Initiative of Mississippi Agricultural and Forestry Experiment Station (MAFES), Mississippi State University, and the National Institute of Food and Agriculture, US Department of Agriculture, Hatch Project 1021494. Part of this work was supported by the Francis Crick Institute which receives its core funding from Cancer Research UK (FC001030), the UK Medical Research Council (FC001030), and the Wellcome Trust (FC001030).S

Annual (2023) taxonomic update of RNA-directed RNA polymerase-encoding negative-sense RNA viruses (realm Riboviria: kingdom Orthornavirae: phylum Negarnaviricota)

55 Pág.In April 2023, following the annual International Committee on Taxonomy of Viruses (ICTV) ratification vote on newly proposed taxa, the phylum Negarnaviricota was amended and emended. The phylum was expanded by one new family, 14 new genera, and 140 new species. Two genera and 538 species were renamed. One species was moved, and four were abolished. This article presents the updated taxonomy of Negarnaviricota as now accepted by the ICTV.This work was supported in part through the Laulima Government Solutions, LLC, prime contract with the U.S. National Institute of Allergy and Infec tious Diseases (NIAID) under Contract No. HHSN272201800013C. J.H.K. performed this work as an employee of Tunnell Government Services (TGS), a subcontractor of Laulima Government Solutions, LLC, under Contract No. HHSN272201800013C. U.J.B. was supported by the Division of Intramural Resarch, NIAID. This work was also funded in part by Contract No. HSHQDC15-C-00064 awarded by DHS S and T for the management and operation of The National Biodefense Analysis and Countermeasures Centre, a federally funded research and development centre operated by the Battelle National Biodefense Institute (V.W.); and NIH contract HHSN272201000040I/HHSN27200004/D04 and grant R24AI120942 (N.V., R.B.T.). S.S. acknowl edges support from the Mississippi Agricultural and Forestry Experiment Station (MAFES), USDA-ARS project 58-6066-9-033 and the National Institute of Food and Agriculture, U.S. Department of Agriculture, Hatch Project, under Accession Number 1021494. The funders had no role in the design of the study; in the collection, analysis, or interpretation of data; in the writing of the manuscript; or in the decision to publish the results. The views and conclusions contained in this document are those of the authors and should not be interpreted as necessarily representing the official policies, either expressed or implied, of the U.S. Department of the Army, the U.S. Department of Defence, the U.S. Department of Health and Human Services, including the Centres for Disease Control and Prevention, the U.S. Department of Homeland Security (DHS) Science and Technology Directorate (S and T), or of the institutions and companies affiliated with the authors. In no event shall any of these entities have any responsibility or liability for any use, misuse, inability to use, or reliance upon the information contained herein. The U.S. departments do not endorse any products or commercial services mentioned in this publication. The U.S. Government retains and the publisher, by accepting the article for publication, acknowledges that the U.S.Government retains a non-exclusive, paid up, irrevocable, world-wide license to publish or reproduce the published form of this manuscript, or allow others to do so, for U.S. Government purposes.Peer reviewe

2020 taxonomic update for phylum Negarnaviricota (Riboviria: Orthornavirae), including the large orders Bunyavirales and Mononegavirales.

In March 2020, following the annual International Committee on Taxonomy of Viruses (ICTV) ratification vote on newly proposed taxa, the phylum Negarnaviricota was amended and emended. At the genus rank, 20 new genera were added, two were deleted, one was moved, and three were renamed. At the species rank, 160 species were added, four were deleted, ten were moved and renamed, and 30 species were renamed. This article presents the updated taxonomy of Negarnaviricota as now accepted by the ICTV

2021 Taxonomic update of phylum Negarnaviricota (Riboviria: Orthornavirae), including the large orders Bunyavirales and Mononegavirales.

In March 2021, following the annual International Committee on Taxonomy of Viruses (ICTV) ratification vote on newly proposed taxa, the phylum Negarnaviricota was amended and emended. The phylum was expanded by four families (Aliusviridae, Crepuscuviridae, Myriaviridae, and Natareviridae), three subfamilies (Alpharhabdovirinae, Betarhabdovirinae, and Gammarhabdovirinae), 42 genera, and 200 species. Thirty-nine species were renamed and/or moved and seven species were abolished. This article presents the updated taxonomy of Negarnaviricota as now accepted by the ICTV

Phenanthrene bioaccumulation in the nematode *Caenorhabditis elegans*

Spann N, Goedkoop W, Traunspurger W. Phenanthrene bioaccumulation in the nematode *Caenorhabditis elegans*. Environmental Science &amp; Technology. 2015;49(3):1842-1850.The contribution of food to the bioaccumulation of xenobiotics and hence toxicity is still an ambiguous issue. It is becoming more and more evident that universal statements cannot be made, but that the relative contribution of food-associated xenobiotics in bioaccumulation depends on species, substance, and environmental conditions. Yet, small-sized benthic or soil animals such as nematodes have largely been disregarded so far. Bioaccumulation of the polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbon phenanthrene in the absence and presence of bacterial food was measured in the nematode Caenorhabditis elegans. Elimination of phenanthrene in the nematodes was biphasic, suggesting that there was a slowly exchanging pool within the nematodes or that biotransformation of phenanthrene took place. Even with food present, dissolved phenanthrene was still the major contributor to bioaccumulated compound in nematode tissues, whereas the diet only contributed about 9%. Toxicokinetic parameters in the treatment without food were different from the ones of the treatment with bacteria, possibly because nematodes depleted their lipid reserves during starvation

Species and trait compositions of freshwater nematodes as indicative descriptors of lake eutrophication

Ristau K, Spann N, Traunspurger W. Species and trait compositions of freshwater nematodes as indicative descriptors of lake eutrophication. Ecological Indicators. 2015;53:196-205.In recent years, the analysis of single or multiple species trait patterns was regarded as a reliable biomonitoring tool alternative or in addition to the traditional taxon-based methods. Hitherto, the trait approach was overwhelmingly applied to macroinvertebrate assemblages to monitor anthropogenic induced degradations of freshwater ecosystems. However, little is known yet whether bio-ecological traits derived from speciose and functionally diverse meiobenthic taxa might also provide diagnostic descriptors for the assessment of ecosystem health. The aim of our pilot study was to assess if the trait composition (including life history, morphometrical and ecological attributes) of lake nematode assemblages can reflect signs of cultural eutrophication equally well as the concomitant change in the species composition. Sediment samples for the analysis of the nematodes assemblage structure were taken at littoral sites of 15 German and Swedish lakes. Lakes were assigned to three traditional classes along the trophic continuum— oligotrophic, mesotrophic, and eutrophic. Canonical correspondence analyses illustrated that both the nematode trait and species compositions were significantly altered to similar extents along the eutrophication gradient. A set of 7 out of 28 trait modalities and a group of 12 from 30 species could be defined as indicative of oligotrophic or eutrophic conditions, and enabled us to discriminate among the three trophic lake states, without confounding effects of pronounced trait intercorrelations. Trait modalities such as a high number of offspring per year and the feeding type suction feeder predominated at the upper range of the enrichment gradient, whereas for modalities such as the obligate asexual reproduction, the feeding type chewer and several specifying nematode morphometrics (short body length, slender body shape) the opposite trend was revealed. However, the observed trait replacement did not imply an increased potential of resilience or resistance to disturbance, suggesting that eutrophication effects rather indirectly shaped nematode assemblages. This first attempt to apply a trait-based analysis to nematode assemblages was found to be successful for distinguishing among different degrees of lake eutrophication. However, compared to macroinvertebrate taxa there remains a great paucity on bio-ecological trait data for nematode species. Therefore future research is demanded to expand and refine nematode trait specifications with the intention to gain further insights into the mechanistic link between responses of nematode populations to environmental alterations

The Anhydrobiotic Potential of the Terrestrial Nematodes Plectus parietinus and Plectus velox

Sandhove J, Spann N, Ristau K. The Anhydrobiotic Potential of the Terrestrial Nematodes Plectus parietinus and Plectus velox. JOURNAL OF EXPERIMENTAL ZOOLOGY PART A-ECOLOGICAL GENETICS AND PHYSIOLOGY. 2016;325(7):434-440.Within the taxon Nematoda, many species possess an anhydrobiotic potential similar to other microscopic animals, such as tardigrades and rotifers. This interesting capability enables them to survive conditions even of extreme dehydration. We examined the anhydrobiotic abilities of the two widespread terrestrial nematode species, Plectus parietinus and P. velox, by subjecting adult and juvenile life stages of both species to two different desiccation regimes, one with a short time of adaption (2 hr) and the other with a long time of adaption (48 hr) prior to complete desiccation and recorded the nematodes' recovery after 24 hr of rehydration. We found adults of P. parietinus to be the superior anhydrobiotes compared to adults of P. velox at short times of adaption, whereas at a long time of adaption this pattern was reversed. Moreover, our results showed that a long time of adaption significantly increased the recovery rate, independent of species or life stage. Additionally, we found adults to have a remarkable higher anhydrobiotic potential than juveniles, presumably due to a larger amount of resources in adult nematodes or due to a different morphology (cuticle, surface area to volume ratio). Plectus parietinus as well as P. velox showed a distinct anhydrobiotic potential although there were obvious differences between those two species, probably ascribable to different species-specific anhydrobiotic mechanisms and rates of water loss. (C) 2016 Wiley Periodicals, Inc