Pavimentos africanos con espectáculos de toros

El mosaico descubierto en la villa romana de Silin (Tripolitania) con representación de una escena de condenados lanzados al aire por un toro, sirve de punto de partida a los autores para hacer un estudio comparativo de los pavimentos norteafricanos de anfiteatro en los que intervienen toros. Se utiliza para la interpretación de las escenas tanto las fuentes arqueológicas, como literarias que ilustran, de forma especial estas últimas, acerca de las distintas clases de espectáculos con toros que se daban en los anfiteatros romanos : damnati ad bestias, empleo de maniquíes, juegos acrobáticos (contomonobolori), combates de hombres contra toros, luchas de toros con otros animales, taurokathapsia, uenationes, etc. Las representaciones musivarias norteafricanas tienen paralelos en otros pavimentos del imperio romano y también en sigillatas, pinturas, relieves, sarcófagos, contorniati y dípticos en marfil, lo que demuestra que en el s. V aún seguían celebrándose esta clase de espectáculos. La iconografía pone de manifiesto, asimismo, la relación que algunas de estas escenas tienen con Dionysos y Diana. Según los autores, los mosaicos con representación de munera uenationum et gladiatorium, así como los « retratos-inventario », debian jugar el mismo papel que los dípticos en marfil, es decir, se trataría de conmemorar la gloria del funcionario, cuya casa adornaban, evocando los ludi por él ofrecidos.The mosaic discovered in the Roman villa in Silin (Tripolitania) representing a scene where convicts are flung into the air by a bull, is used by the authors as a starting point for a comparative study of Northafrican floorings of amphitheatres involving representations of bulls. In the interpretation of the different events depicted, the authors rely on archeological as well as literary sources. Especially these latter provide valuable insight in the different kinds of public performance with bulls, which used to take place in Roman amphitheatres : damnati ad bestias, the use of dummies, acrobatic games (contomonobolon), fights between men and bulls, fights between bulls and other animals, taurokathapsia, uenationes, etc. The Northafrican mosaic representations have parallels in floor coverings in other parts of the Roman Empire, as well as in sigillatas, paintings, reliefs, sarcophagi, contorniati and ivory diptychs. All this is evidence of the fact that in the 5th century these public games were still being performed. In addition, the iconographie evidence relates these scenes to the deities Dionysos and Diana. According to the authors, the mosaics representing munera uenationum et gladiatorium, as well as the "inventory-portraits" must have had the same function as the ivory diptychs, i.e. they were meant to commemorate the glory of a high official serving at the same time as an adornment of his home and bearing witness of the ludi sponsored by him.La mosaïque découverte dans la villa romaine de Silin (Tripolitaine), qui représente une scène où l'on voit des condamnés projetés en l'air par un taureau, sert de point de départ aux auteurs pour faire une étude comparative des pavements nord-africains d'amphithéâtre où interviennent des taureaux. Pour interpréter les scènes, ils ont recours aux sources tant archéologiques que littéraires qui illustrent - c'est spécialement vrai de ces dernières - les différents types de spectacles avec taureaux qui se donnaient dans les amphithéâtres romains : damnati ad bestias, emploi de mannequins, jeux acrobatiques (contomonobolori), combats d'hommes contre des taureaux, luttes de taureaux avec d'autres animaux, taurokathapsia, uenationes, etc. Les représentations sur mosaïques d'Afrique du Nord se retrouvent dans d'autres pavements de l'empire romain, ainsi que dans des sigillées, des peintures, des reliefs, des sarcophages, des contorniati et des diptyques en marbre, ce qui prouve que ce genre de spectacles existait encore au Ve siècle. En outre, l'iconographie met en évidence le lien de certaines de ces scènes avec Dionysos et Diane. D'après les auteurs, les mosaïques à représentation de munera uenationum et gladiatorium, ainsi que les "portraits-inventaires", devaient jouer le même rôle que les diptyques en marbre : il s'agissait sans doute de célébrer la gloire du fonctionnaire dont ils décoraient la maison en évoquant les ludi qu'il offrait

Hallazgos de mosaicos romanos en Hispania (1977-1987)

Con motivo de la celebración del V Coloquio Internacional sobre Mosaicos Antiguos, celebrado en Bath en el año 1987, decidimos presentar una comunicación que diera a conocer los últimos hallazgos de mosaicos romanos en Hispania. Nos planteamos este objetivo para facilitar a la comunidad científica internacional interesada en el tema el conocimiento de mosaicos que, o bien habían sido publicados de forma dispersa en medios de difícil acceso y escasa difusión, o bien se hallaban inéditos o se conocían solamente a través de noticias muy vagas y escuetas. De este modo, no hacíamos sino seguir las pautas de otros países, conscientes de lo útil que resulta a cualquier investigador el poder contar con un repertorio accesible. Dada la amplitud del tema, estimamos conveniente iniciar nuestro trabajo relacionando los mosaicos publicados o conocidos a partir de 1977, de forma que en la fecha de la celebración del Congreso en 1987, completaran una década

Hallazgo de mosaicos romanos en Beas de Segura (Jaén)

6 págs, 7 figs.La excavación de urgencia realizada en los meses de noviembre y diciembre de 1985 por F. Hornos, M. Castro y J. Crespo en la villa romana de Los Baños, Beas de Segura (Jaén), ha puesto al descubierto un mosaico de pájaros. El yacimiento arqueológico se localiza en el Suroeste de la población del Arroyo del Ojanco, en la margen izquierda del río del mismo nombre, afluente de la cabecera del Guadalimar.Proyecto de Investigación: Corpus de Mosaicos Romanos de España (CAICYT).Publicad

Widespread Circulation of Flaviviruses in Horses and Birds in Northeastern Spain (Catalonia) between 2010 and 2019

The surveillance for West Nile virus (WNV) in Catalonia (northeastern Spain) has consistently detected flaviviruses not identified as WNV. With the aim of characterizing the flaviviruses circulating in Catalonia, serum samples from birds and horses collected between 2010 and 2019 and positive by panflavivirus competition ELISA (cELISA) were analyzed by microneutralization test (MNT) against different flaviviruses. A third of the samples tested were inconclusive by MNT, highlighting the limitations of current diagnostic techniques. Our results evidenced the widespread circulation of flaviviruses, in particular WNV, but also Usutu virus (USUV), and suggest that chicken and horses could serve as sentinels for both viruses. In several regions, WNV and USUV overlapped, but no significant geographical aggregation was observed. Bagaza virus (BAGV) was not detected in birds, while positivity to tick-borne encephalitis virus (TBEV) was sporadically detected in horses although no endemic foci were observed. So far, no human infections by WNV, USUV, or TBEV have been reported in Catalonia. However, these zoonotic flaviviruses need to be kept under surveillance, ideally within a One Health framework

El labrador: Año I Número 3 - (14/03/22)

BACKGROUND: Use of everolimus-eluting stents (EES) has proven to be clinically effective and safe in patients with ST-segment elevation myocardial infarction but it remains unclear whether it is cost-effective compared to bare-metal stents (BMS) in the long-term. We sought to assess the cost-effectiveness of EES versus BMS based on the 5-year results of the EXAMINATION trial, from a Spanish health service perspective. METHODS: Decision analysis of the use of EES versus BMS was based on the patient-level clinical outcome data of the EXAMINATION trial. The analysis adopted a lifelong time horizon, assuming that long-term survival was independent of the initial treatment strategy after the end of follow-up. Life-expectancy, health-state utility scores and unit costs were extracted from published literature and publicly available sources. Non-parametric bootstrapping was combined with probabilistic sensitivity analysis to co-assess the impact of patient-level variation and parameter uncertainty. The main outcomes were total costs and quality-adjusted life-years. The incremental cost-effectiveness ratio was expressed as cost per quality-adjusted life-years gained. Costs and effects were discounted at 3%. RESULTS: The model predicted an average survival time in patients receiving EES and BMS of 10.52 and 10.38 undiscounted years, respectively. Over the life-long time horizon, the EES strategy was €430 more costly than BMS (€8,305 vs. €7,874), but went along with incremental gains of 0.10 quality-adjusted life-years. This resulted in an average incremental cost-effectiveness ratio over all simulations of €3,948 per quality-adjusted life-years gained and was below a willingness-to-pay threshold of €25,000 per quality-adjusted life-years gained in 86.9% of simulation runs. CONCLUSIONS: Despite higher total costs relative to BMS, EES appeared to be a cost-effective therapy for ST-segment elevation myocardial infarction patients due to their incremental effectiveness. Predicted incremental cost-effectiveness ratios were below generally acceptable threshold values

Cost-effectiveness of everolimus-eluting versus bare-metal stents in ST-segment elevation myocardial infarction: An analysis from the EXAMINATION randomized controlled trial.

BACKGROUND: Use of everolimus-eluting stents (EES) has proven to be clinically effective and safe in patients with ST-segment elevation myocardial infarction but it remains unclear whether it is cost-effective compared to bare-metal stents (BMS) in the long-term. We sought to assess the cost-effectiveness of EES versus BMS based on the 5-year results of the EXAMINATION trial, from a Spanish health service perspective. METHODS: Decision analysis of the use of EES versus BMS was based on the patient-level clinical outcome data of the EXAMINATION trial. The analysis adopted a lifelong time horizon, assuming that long-term survival was independent of the initial treatment strategy after the end of follow-up. Life-expectancy, health-state utility scores and unit costs were extracted from published literature and publicly available sources. Non-parametric bootstrapping was combined with probabilistic sensitivity analysis to co-assess the impact of patient-level variation and parameter uncertainty. The main outcomes were total costs and quality-adjusted life-years. The incremental cost-effectiveness ratio was expressed as cost per quality-adjusted life-years gained. Costs and effects were discounted at 3%. RESULTS: The model predicted an average survival time in patients receiving EES and BMS of 10.52 and 10.38 undiscounted years, respectively. Over the life-long time horizon, the EES strategy was ¿430 more costly than BMS (¿8,305 vs. ¿7,874), but went along with incremental gains of 0.10 quality-adjusted life-years. This resulted in an average incremental cost-effectiveness ratio over all simulations of ¿3,948 per quality-adjusted life-years gained and was below a willingness-to-pay threshold of ¿25,000 per quality-adjusted life-years gained in 86.9% of simulation runs. CONCLUSIONS: Despite higher total costs relative to BMS, EES appeared to be a cost-effective therapy for ST-segment elevation myocardial infarction patients due to their incremental effectiveness. Predicted incremental cost-effectiveness ratios were below generally acceptable threshold values

Cytokine and autoantibody clusters interaction in systemic lupus erythematosus

Background: Evidence supports the existence of different subphenotypes in systemic lupus erythematosus (SLE) and the pivotal role of cytokines and autoantibodies, which interact in a highly complex network. Thus, understanding how these complex nonlinear processes are connected and observed in real-life settings is a major challenge. Cluster approaches may assist in the identification of these subphenotypes, which represent such a phenomenon, and may contribute to the development of personalized medicine. Therefore, the relationship between autoantibody and cytokine clusters in SLE was analyzed. Methods: This was an exploratory study in which 67 consecutive women with established SLE were assessed. Clinical characteristics including disease activity, a 14-autoantibody profile, and a panel of 15 serum cytokines were measured simultaneously. Mixed-cluster methodology and bivariate analyses were used to define autoantibody and cytokine clusters and to identify associations between them and related variables. Results: First, three clusters of autoantibodies were defined: (1) neutral, (2) antiphospholipid antibodies (APLA)-dominant, and (3) anti-dsDNA/ENA-dominant. Second, eight cytokines showed levels above the threshold thus making possible to find 4 clusters: (1) neutral, (2) chemotactic, (3) G-CSF dominant, and (4) IFN?/Pro-inflammatory. Furthermore, the disease activity was associated with cytokine clusters, which, in turn, were associated with autoantibody clusters. Finally, when all biomarkers were included, three clusters were found: (1) neutral, (2) chemotactic/APLA, and (3) IFN/dsDNA, which were also associated with disease activity. Conclusion: These results support the existence of three SLE cytokine-autoantibody driven subphenotypes. They encourage the practice of personalized medicine, and support proof-of-concept studies. © 2017 The Author(s)

Half a century of newborn screening in Spain: Evolution of ethical, legal and social issues (ELSIs). Part III, social issues

[ES] Las bases para la toma de decisiones acerca del desarrollo de los programas de cribado de Salud Pública no son exclusivamente médicas, sino también sociales. En esta parte III del artículo se contemplan los actores que intervienen en la gobernanza de los programas, cómo son las autoridades sanitarias, las sociedades científicas y profesionales, así como las familias y su movimiento asociativo. En primer lugar, se analiza el papel de las instituciones/autoridades sanitarias en el desarrollo de los programas y en la evolución del modelo para la toma de decisiones, hasta el actual basado en la evidencia, así como en la elaboración de una opinión experta, imparcial y transparente en política sanitaria y su coordinación en el marco del Sistema Nacional de Salud (SNS). Y, de acuerdo con dicha evidencia y con el consenso, las instituciones/autoridades sanitarias han tratado de conseguir un abordaje más homogéneo y conforme a criterios de calidad del programa de cribado neonatal en todo el territorio. A continuación, se aborda el papel de las sociedades científicas y profesionales, especialmente de la Sociedad Española de Química Clínica (actualmente Sociedad Española de Medicina de Laboratorio (SEQCML), a través de la Comisión de Errores Congénitos del Metabolismo, y de la Asociación Española de Cribado Neonatal (AECNE), que desde 1985 y durante 33 años recogieron los datos de actividad de los centros de cribado y establecieron un foro de debate, intercambio de conocimientos y colaboración entre ellos y con las autoridades sanitarias. De ellas, destaca el importante papel de la Asociación Española de Errores Congénitos del Metabolismo (AECOM) desde 1999 en el diagnóstico, seguimiento y tratamiento de los pacientes. Finalmente, se contempla el papel de las familias y los aspectos psicosociales del programa, así como la evolución del movimiento asociativo, con especial mención a la fundación en 1990 de la Federación Española de PKU y otros trastornos (FAEPKU) (que pasó después a llamarse la Federación Española de Enfermedades Metabólicas Hereditarias) y en 1999 de la Federación Española de Enfermedades Raras (FEDER). Estas asociaciones han contribuido notablemente al empoderamiento de los pacientes, a apoyar la investigación y la formación y a establecer una red de colaboración y soporte para los pacientes y sus familias. Y aunque están en contacto y colaboran con las autoridades sanitarias, hasta el momento no han participado en la elaboración de decisiones y en la gobernanza de los programas. El espíritu de superación y mejora ha marcado la evolución de los programas durante este medio siglo al incluir el desarrollo de sus aspectos éticos, legales y sociales. Se avecinan desafíos tecnológicos importantes y habrá que saber utilizarlos con eficiencia, proporcionalidad y justicia en el mejor interés del niño y, por extensión, de la familia y de la sociedad. [EN] Decision making for the development of newborn screening programs is based on not only medical but also social concerns and involves different stakeholders. Part III of the article focuses on their role in the governance of the programs. First of all, we consider the proactive role that health authorities has played in the evolution to an evidentiary model of policy development currently based on evidence, just as in the preparation of an expert, impartial and transparent opinion on health policy and its coordination with the national health system. And, in accordance with this evidence and with the consensus, health autorities following quality criteria have made an attempt to achieve a more homogeneous approach of the neonatal screening program throughout the territory. Secondly, we address the role of several scientific and professional societies in newborn screening. Among them, it deserves to be mentioned the Spanish Society for Clinical Chemistry, currently Spanish Society of Laboratory Medicine (SEQCML), and its Commission of inborn errors of metabolism and the Spanish Society for Newborn Screening (AECNE), which since 1985 and for thirty three years collected the activity of newborn screening centers and established a forum for debate, sharing of knowledge and cooperation among screening centers and with health authorities. Since 1999, the Spanish Society for Inborn Errors of Metabolism (AECOM) exercises an important activity in the field of diagnosis treatment and follow up of patients. Finally, we consider the role of families and the psychosocial aspects of the programme, and the associative activity of patient organizations. In 1990 the Spanish federation of PKU and other disorders (FAEPKU) was found, renamed currently as The Spanish Federation of Inherited Metabolic Diseases; together with the Spanish Federation for Rare Diseases (FEDER), found in 1999, they both have clearly contributed to the patient’s empowerment, supporting research and education and establishing a network of cooperation and support for patients and their families. Patient organizations collaborate with health authorities but they have not participated in policy decision making yet. During this half century, the evolution of newborn screening programs have been characterized for a spirit of improvement, by including the development of ethical, legal and social issues. Important technological challenges lie ahead and it will be necessary to know how to use them efficiently, proportionally and fairly in the best interest of newborns and by extension of their family and society.S

Half a century of newborn screening in Spain: Evolution of ethical, legal and social issues (ELSIs). Part II, legal system

[ES] El cribado neonatal es una actuación sanitaria regulada específicamente en nuestra legislación. El ordenamiento jurídico establece que el cribado sanitario es una actuación de salud pública, enfocada a la prevención de la salud de la sociedad en general y, a la vez, una prestación sanitaria, es decir, un derecho de los individuos, cuyo interés constituye el eje de la regulación. En su diseño e implantación están involucradas las autoridades sanitarias estatales y autonómicas. La eficacia, eficiencia y calidad son los criterios para valorar su idoneidad, y la adopción de medidas que garanticen los derechos de los participantes, la trasparencia y la voluntariedad, son imprescindibles para su aprobación. Estas exigencias generales se refuerzan cuando el cribado se dirige a la población pediátrica y cuando se trata de cribados genéticos, caso en que está prevista la revisión por parte de un comité de ética como requisito previo a su autorización. [EN] Neonatal screening is a health action specifically regulated in our legislation. The legal system establishes that health screening is a public health action, focused on the prevention of health of the community in general and, at the same time, a health service, that is, a right of individuals, whose interest is the focus of the regulation. In its design and implementation are involved the State and Regional Health Authorities. The effectiveness, efficiency and quality, are the criteria for assessing its suitability, and the adoption of measures to ensure the rights of participants, transparency and voluntariness, are essential for approval. These general requirements are reinforced when the screening is aimed at the paediatric population and when it comes to genetic screening, in which case a review by an ethics committee is foreseen as a prerequisite for authorization.Grupo de Investigación Cátedra de Derecho y Genoma Humano. Financiado por el Departamento de Educación del Gobierno Vasco (Grupos de Investigación del Sistema Universitario Vasco. Referencia número IT1066-16).N

Medio siglo de cribado neonatal en España: evolución de los aspectos éticos, legales y sociales (AELS). Parte II, marco legal

El cribado neonatal es una actuación sanitaria regulada específicamente en nuestra legislación. El ordenamiento jurídico establece que el cribado sanitario es una actuación de salud pública, enfocada a la prevención de la salud de la sociedad en general y, a la vez, una prestación sanitaria, es decir, un derecho de los individuos, cuyo interés constituye el eje de la regulación. En su diseño e implantación están involucradas las autoridades sanitarias estatales y autonómicas. La eficacia, eficiencia y calidad son los criterios para valorar su idoneidad, y la adopción de medidas que garanticen los derechos de los participantes, la trasparencia y la voluntariedad, son imprescindibles para su aprobación. Estas exigencias generales se refuerzan cuando el cribado se dirige a la población pediátrica y cuando se trata de cribados genéticos, caso en que está prevista la revisión por parte de un comité de ética como requisito previo a su autorización.Neonatal screening is a health action specifically regulated in our legislation. The legal system establishes that health screening is a public health action, focused on the prevention of health of the community in general and, at the same time, a health service, that is, a right of individuals, whose interest is the focus of the regulation. In its design and implementation are involved the State and Regional Health Authorities. The effectiveness, efficiency and quality, are the criteria for assessing its suitability, and the adoption of measures to ensure the rights of participants, transparency and voluntariness, are essential for approval. These general requirements are reinforced when the screening is aimed at the paediatric population and when it comes to genetic screening, in which case a review by an ethics committee is foreseen as a prerequisite for authorization