Statistical Function Tagging and Grammatical Relations of Myanmar Sentences

This paper describes a context free grammar (CFG) based grammatical relations for Myanmar sentences which combine corpus-based function tagging system. Part of the challenge of statistical function tagging for Myanmar sentences comes from the fact that Myanmar has free-phrase-order and a complex morphological system. Function tagging is a pre-processing step to show grammatical relations of Myanmar sentences. In the task of function tagging, which tags the function of Myanmar sentences with correct segmentation, POS (part-of-speech) tagging and chunking information, we use Naive Bayesian theory to disambiguate the possible function tags of a word. We apply context free grammar (CFG) to find out the grammatical relations of the function tags. We also create a functional annotated tagged corpus for Myanmar and propose the grammar rules for Myanmar sentences. Experiments show that our analysis achieves a good result with simple sentences and complex sentences.Comment: 16 pages, 7 figures, 8 tables, AIAA-2011 (India). arXiv admin note: text overlap with arXiv:0912.1820 by other author

Effect of infusion on fluoride concentration in various chinese tea

The fluoride content in infusions of commercially available black tea, oolong tea, green tea, white tea and bata tea was determined via fluoride ion selective electrode method. Two methods of infusion were carried out: continuous infusion and repeated infusion. In continuous infusion, black tea yielded the highest concentration of fluoride, which ranged between 0.929±0.053 mg/L and 3.746±0.028 mg/L. Fluoride detected in brick tea ranged from 1.099±0.046 mg/L to 2.398±0.006 mg/L. The dissolvable fluoride for oolong tea, green tea, and white tea were ranged from 0.584±0.080 mg/L to 1.255±0.044 mg/L, 0.624±0.088 mg/L to 1.838±0.062 mg/L and 0.571±0.027 mg/L to 1.845±0.017 mg/L, respectively. The cumulative fluoride contents in repeated infusion were higher than those prepared by continuous infusion for all types of tea. Results of the study indicate that there was a wide range of fluoride content with different types of tea and methods of infusion. Because excessive intake of fluoride can cause dental and skeletal fluorosis, it is necessary for the government or international organization to establish a standard of fluoride content in tea commodities in order to protect the consumers against health hazards

Enhanced DNA Encoding Scheme in Honey Encryption

Nowadays, Security plays a vital role in protecting sensitive data from attackers in many organizations. Many researchers have developed security research to prevent attacks. Password-based encryption (PBE) is used to prevent an attacker from attempting to break into the password file. However, the current PBE is vulnerable because attackers can easily access keys by attempting again and again. The use of weak passwords in PBE is an ongoing problem. At present, Honey Encryption (HE) is an encryption method that overcomes (PBE) vulnerabilities. It is resistant to brute force attacks and allows encryption of data using minimal keys. HE generates a plausible message that looks real when the attacker decrypts with an incorrect key. Deoxyribo Nucleic Acid (DNA) is a new way of computing used in medical research. In this paper, DNA sequences are generated as the key distribution of Honey Encryption. The main idea of the paper is five random data lookup tables in the DNA encoding scheme in order to be more secure. It will be shown as the experimental results the same message encryption with the different passwords and the encryption of the different messages with the same password. In this system, diagnosis symptoms such as Influenza, Toothpaste, etc., will be used as the input messages of the DNA scheme. Compared to the results of only one data lookup table, it can be seen that the result of five data lookup tables in the key generation of DNA encoding sequence is more secure and less execution time. According to the experimental results, the proposed method is more secure than the existing method

Performance Test and Structural Analysis of Cross-Flow Turbine

Myanmar is a developing country, the annual consumption of electricity has been increasing rapidly throughout the country.  The main source of energy for generating electricity is hydropower because of her hilly regions with rivers and water-falls.  Myanmar, where 75% of the populations live in rural area, has a low level of access to electricity.  Small-scale hydropower production may be the most cost-effective way to supply electricity to remote villages that are not near transmission lines.  The objectives of this research is to design low cost with high efficient cross-flow turbine especially for low head, to analyze the blade structural and modal of the turbine runner by using ANSYS 14.5 software, to construct the designed cross-flow turbine and test the performance of constructed cross-flow turbine in selected site location.  The designed cross-flow turbine is capable of producing up to 300 watts AC power at the head of 6m and water flow rate of 0.009 m3/s.

Lymphatic filariasis increases tissue compressibility and extracellular fluid in lower limbs of asymptomatic young people in Central Myanmar

When normal lymphatic function is hampered, imperceptible subcutaneous edema can develop and progress to overt lymphedema. Low-cost reliable devices for objective assessment of lymphedema are well accepted in clinical practice and research on breast-cancer related lymphedema but are untested in populations with lymphatic filariasis (LF). This is a cross-sectional analysis of baseline data in a longitudinal study on asymptomatic, LF antigen-positive and -negative young people in Myanmar. Rapid field screening was used to identify antigen-positive cases and a group of antigen-negative controls of similar age and gender were invited to continue in the study. Tissue compressibility was assessed with three tissue tonometers, and free fluids were assessed using bio-impedance spectroscopy (BIS). Infection status was confirmed by Og4C3 antigen assay. At baseline (n= 98), antigen-positive cases had clinically relevant increases in tissue compressibilityat the calf using a digital Indurometer (11.1%, p = 0.021), and in whole-leg free fluid using BIS (9.2%, p = 0.053). Regression analysis for moderating factors (age, gender, hydration) reinforced the between-infection group differences. Results demonstrate that sub-clinical changes associated with infection can be detected in asymptomatic cases. Further exploration of these low-cost devices in clinical and research settings on filariasis-related lymphedema are warranted

Preventive chemotherapy reverses covert, lymphatic associated tissue change in young people with lymphatic filariasis in Myanmar

Objectives This longitudinal comparative study investigated the effect of preventive chemotherapy (PC) on covert tissue changes associated with lymphatic filariasis (LF) among young people living in an LF-endemic area in Myanmar. Methods Tissue compressibility and extracellular free fluid in the lower limbs of people aged 10– 21 years were measured using indurometry and bioimpedance spectroscopy (BIS). Baseline measures were taken in October 2014, annual mass drug administration (MDA) of PC was delivered in December, and in March 2015 further PC was offered to LF-positive cases who had missed MDA. Follow-up measures were taken in February and June 2015. Results A total of 50 antigen‐positive cases and 46 antigen‐negative controls were included. Self‐reported PC consumption was 60.1% during 2014 MDA and 66.2% overall. At second follow‐up, 24 of 34 cases and 27 of 43 controls had consumed PC. Significant and clinically relevant between‐group differences at baseline were not found post‐PC. Bayesian linear mixed models showed a significant change in indurometer scores at both calves for antigen‐positive cases who consumed any PC (dominant calf: −0.30 [95% CI −0.52, −0.07], P < 0.05 and non‐dominant calf: −0.35 [95% CI −0.58, −0.12], P < 0.01). Changes in antigen‐negative participants or those not consuming PC were not significant. Conclusion This study is the first attempt to use simple field‐friendly tools to track fluid and tissue changes after treatment of asymptomatic people infected with LF. Results suggested that PC alone is sufficient to reverse covert lymphatic disturbance. Longer follow‐up of larger cohorts is required to confirm these improvements and whether they persist over time. These findings should prompt increased efforts to overcome low PC coverage, which misses many infected young people, particularly males, who are unaware of their infection status, unmotivated to take PC and at risk of developing lymphoedema. Indurometry and BIS should be considered in assessment of lymphatic filariasis‐related lymphedema

Risk factors for lymphatic filariasis and mass drug administration non‑participation in Mandalay Region, Myanmar

Background Myanmar commenced a lymphatic filariasis (LF) elimination programme in 2000. Whilst the country has made considerable progress since then, a number of districts have demonstrated persistent transmission after many rounds of mass drug administration (MDA). The causes of unsuccessful MDA have been examined elsewhere; however, there remains little information on the factors that contribute in Myanmar. Methods We conducted an analysis of factors associated with persistent infection, LF-related hydrocoele and MDA participation in an area with ongoing transmission in 2015. A cross-sectional household survey was undertaken in 24 villages across four townships of Mandalay Region. Participants were screened for circulating filarial antigen (CFA) using immunochromatographic tests and, if positive, for microfilaria by night-time thick blood slide. Individuals 15 year and older were assessed for filariasis morbidity (lymphoedema and, if male, hydrocoele) by ultrasound-assisted clinical examination. A pre-coded questionnaire was used to assess risk factors for LF and for non-participation (never taking MDA). Significant variables identified in univariate analyses were included in separate step-wise multivariate logistic regressions for each outcome. Results After adjustment for covariates and survey design, being CFA positive was significantly associated with age [odds ratio (OR) 1.03, 95% CI 1.01–1.06), per year], male gender (OR 3.14, 1.27–7.76), elevation (OR 0.96, 0.94–0.99, per metre) and the density of people per household room (OR 1.59, 1.31–1.92). LF-related hydrocoele was associated with age (OR 1.06, 1.03–1.09, per year) and residing in Amarapura Township (OR 8.93, 1.37–58.32). Never taking MDA was associated with male gender [OR 6.89 (2.13–22.28)] and age, particularly in females, with a significant interaction term. Overall, compared to those aged 30–44 years, the proportion never taking MDA was higher in all age groups (OR highest in those  60 years, ranging from 3.37 to 12.82). Never taking MDA was also associated with residing in Amarapura township (OR 2.48, 1.15–5.31), moving to one’s current village from another (OR 2.62, 1.12–6.11) and ever having declined medication (OR 11.82, 4.25–32.91). Decreased likelihood of never taking MDA was associated with a higher proportion of household members being present during the last MDA round (OR 0.16, 0.03–0.74) and the number visits by the MDA programme (OR 0.69, 0.48–1.00). Conclusions These results contribute to the understanding of LF and MDA participation-related risk factors and will assist Myanmar to improve its elimination and morbidity management programmes