Forward osmosis for nutrients recovery from wastewater

Forward osmosis (FO) considered as a promising separation process for nutrient enrichment in wastewater, is attracting increasing interest in integration with chemical precipitation and other technologies for recovering nutrients in wastewater treatment. In the chapter, the processes of nutrients recovery via FO-based systems are introduced in terms of mechanisms and influencing factors. Additionally, the key challenges related to the recovery systems discussed and some approaches are proposed to resolve these challenges. Future roadmap for future research and development on the nutrients recovery using FO-based systems are identified. Compared to aerobic FO-based systems, anaerobic FO-based processes need more investigations of their integrations’ efficiency in the context of nutrient recovery from wastewater. Emphasis is given to carry out more economic assessment and pilot- and plant-scale evolutions of the recovery systems, which makes the nutrients recovery via FO-based technologies more sustainable in wastewater treatment

Redox activities and ROS, NO and phenylpropanoids production by axenically cultured intact olive seedling roots after interaction with a mycorrhizal or a pathogenic fungus

Las raíces de las plántulas de olivo, en cultivo axénico, fueron colocadas alternativamente en contacto con Rhizophagus irregulares (micorrícicos) o con hongos Verticillim dahliae (patógenos). También se incluyeron tratamientos MeJA. Las raíces intactas (generación de anión superóxido, superóxido dismutasa y actividades de peroxidasa) se midieron en las actividades in vivo del apoplasto. Todos nuestros resultados mostraron que las actividades redox apoplásticas de raíces de las plántulas intactas en contacto con el hongo micorriza compatible fueron claramente atenuados en comparación con el hongo patógeno o tratado con MeJA, incluso en las primeras etapas usadas en el tratamiento. Los fenoles totales, flavonoides y glucósidos fenilpropanoides, también fueron cuantificados. Las raíces en contacto con el hongo micorriza no mejoraron la biosíntesis de compuestos fenólicos con respecto a los controles, mientras que los de contacto con el patógeno mejoraron de forma significativa la biosíntesis de todas las fracciones fenólicas medidas. Las especies reactivas del oxígeno y la acumulación de óxido nítrico en las raíces fueron examinadas por microscopía de fluorescencia. Todos ellas presentaron una acumulación mucho mayor en las raíces en contacto con el patógeno que con el hongo micorriza. En total, estos resultados indican que las raíces de las plántulas intactas de olivo, claramente diferenciadas entre micorrizas y hongos patógenos, atenuan las reacciones de defensa contra la primera para facilitar su creación, mientras que induce una reacción de defensa fuerte y sostenida contra el segundo. Ambas especies reactivas de oxígeno y nitrógeno parecían estar involucrados en estas respuestas desde los primeros momentos de contacto. Sin embargo, se necesitan más investigaciones para aclarar la diafonía propuesta entre ellos y sus respectivas funciones en estas respuestas ya que las imágenes de fluorescencia de las raíces revelaron que las especies reactivas del oxígeno se acumulan principalmente en el apoplasto (congruente con las actividades redox medidas en este compartimento), mientras el óxido nítrico se almacena principalmente en el citosol.Roots of intact olive seedlings, axenically cultured, were alternatively placed in contact with Rhizophagus irregularis (mycorrhizal) or Verticillim dahliae (pathogenic) fungi. MeJA treatments were also included. In vivo redox activities in the apoplast of the intact roots (anion superoxide generation, superoxide dismutase and peroxidase activities) were measured. All our results showed that apoplastic redox activities of intact seedling roots in contact with the compatible mycorrhizal fungus were clearly attenuated in comparison with the pathogenic fungus or treated with MeJA, even at the early stages of treatment used. Total phenolics, flavonoids and phenylpropanoid glycosides were also quantified. Roots in contact with the mycorrhizal fungus did not enhance the biosynthesis of phenolic compounds with respect to controls, while those in contact with the pathogenic one significantly enhanced the biosynthesis of all phenolic fractions measured. Reactive oxygen species and nitric oxid accumulation in roots were examined by fluorescence microscopy. All of them presented much higher accumulation in roots in contact with the pathogenic than with the mycorrhizal fungus. Altogether these results indicate that intact olive seedling roots clearly differentiated between mycorrhizal and pathogenic fungi, attenuating defense reactions against the first to facilitate its establishment, while inducing a strong and sustained defense reaction against the second. Both reactive oxygen and nitrogen species seemed to be involved in these responses from the first moments of contact. However, further investigations are required to clarify the proposed crosstalk between them and their respective roles in these responses since fluorescence images of roots revealed that reactive oxygen species were mainly accumulated in the apoplast (congruently with the measured redox activities in this compartment) while nitric oxid was mainly stored in the cytosol.-- Ministerio de Ciencia e Innovación. Proyecto CGL2009-12406 -- Junta de Extremadura. Proyecto PRI09A023peerReviewe

Sustainable Resource Management Technologies for Recovery and Reuse of Energy and Waste Materials

Sustainable Resource Management Learn how current technologies can be used to recover and reuse waste products to reduce environmental damage and pollution In this two-volume set, Sustainable Resource Management: Technologies for Recovery ..

Resource recovery from electronic waste

Sustainable Resource Management Learn how current technologies can be used to recover and reuse waste products to reduce environmental damage and pollution In this two-volume set, Sustainable Resource Management: Technologies for Recovery ..

Resource recovery and reuse for sustainable future: Introduction and overview

This chapter gives a brief introduction, key drivers, current status and future perspectives of resource and energy recovery and reuse. The chapter is divided into four sections, including the background, the current status for waste generation and recovery, the research needs of resource and energy recovery and reuse, and a brief review on the core ideas and key researches for each book chapter