Mapping The Victims of Digital Crime

Mapping the victims of digital crimes can be a challenging task, as digital crimes can affect individuals from all walks of life, regardless of their demographic background or geographic locations. Overall, mapping the victims of digital crimes can be useful for understanding the pattern and risk factors associated with digital victimization and for developing targeted prevention and intervention strategies. Digital crime/Cybercrime is the most prevalent form of crime with the lowest enforcement rate. India has been ranked 4th on the list of global cybercrimes by the Federal Bureau of Investigation (FBI) in its recent report, while US, UK and Canada backing the 1st, 2nd and 3rd positions. Indian Government has established a central cyber security agency named ‘Indian Computer Emergency Response Team (CERT-In)’ which works in coordination with similar other agencies across other countries in the world. This agency monitors all kinds of cyber threats. Also, Cyber Police Stations have been set up all over to deal with this menace across India. This paper aims to provide a thorough insight regarding digital crimes and mapping its victims in the present world. Even though Indian government has enacted various laws for making such crimes punishable but are these laws self-sufficient or something more is required??, as digital crimes are the most prevalent form of crimes with the lowest enforcement rates. To address this, the Union Government needs to confront various challenges that are distinctive to digital crimes. Measures taken by Indian government along with preventive steps that can be taken at individual level by the victims are also discussed

The natural history of transient abnormal myelopoiesis in neonates and children with Down syndrome

Children with Down syndrome (DS) have a markedly increased risk of acute myeloid leukaemia (ML-DS) during the first 5 years of life compared to children without DS. Many children with ML-DS have a preceding history of a neonatal pre-leukaemic disorder known as Transient Abnormal Myelopoiesis (TAM). Both TAM and ML-DS harbour the same acquired N-terminal GATA1 mutation(s) indicating they are clonally-linked conditions. Currently, there is a lack of clear clinical, haematological and molecular diagnostic criteria for TAM. My project aimed to (i) precisely define TAM (ii) document the natural history of TAM and identify the population at risk of developing ML-DS and (iii) characterise blast cells in TAM in order to establish whether particular blast cell sub-populations might be associated with a higher frequency of subsequent transformation to ML-DS and whether it is possible to distinguish between blast cells which do and do not carry GATA1 mutations. To address these aims I analysed data from 382 DS neonates recruited to the Oxford Imperial Down Syndrome Cohort Study (OIDSCS); a prospective, population-based study to systematically examine clinical findings, haematological indices, blood cell morphology and GATA1 mutation status in neonates with DS. Using standard methods (PCR of GATA1 exons 2/3 followed by dHPLC and direct sequencing) GATA1 mutation(s) were detected in 45/382 neonates (11.8%). Of these 35/45 neonates (77.8%) had clinical and/or haematological evidence of TAM (blasts >10%) and 10/45 (22.2%) were clinically and haematologically 'silent'. Neonates with clinically and haematologically silent TAM could not be distinguished from DS neonates where no GATA1 mutation(s) were detectable by standard methods. Using next-generation-sequencing (NGS) an additional 27/337 (8.0%) DS neonates had one or more small mutant GATA1 clones. These 27 neonates were clinically, haematologically and molecularly 'silent' and would be missed unless highly sensitive methodology is employed. To investigate the natural history of the evolution of TAM and both types of silent TAM to ML-DS, I studied all of the DS children in the cohort who have progressed to ML-DS (n=5). Four of these children had overt TAM and one had clinically and haematologically silent TAM. Compared to DS children who did not progress to ML-DS, these 5 children were more likely to have persistent hepatomegaly, thrombocytopenia and additional cytogenetic abnormalities at time of disease progression. I studied the immunophenotypic profile of blasts in TAM and was unable to identify a TAM-specific immunophenotypic population which DS neonates without GATA1 mutation(s) did not have. However, in neonates with GATA1 mutation(s) the CD45dimCD34+/-CD33+/-CD36+CD7+ blast sub-population was significantly expanded as compared to neonates without GATA1 mutation(s). These studies describe for the first time the full range of clinical and haematological features associated with a mutant GATA1 clone in DS neonates. As there were no reliable clinical, haematological or biological features (such as blast cell properties) which can identify neonates with GATA1 mutation, TAM is accurately defined as a neonate with DS and the presence of one or more GATA1 mutation(s) determined by a sensitive screening method such as NGS. This definition of TAM would identify all neonates at risk of transformation to ML-DS... Follow up of the whole cohort until the age of 5 years will be necessary to fully evaluate the significance of very small mutant GATA1 clones. A precise diagnosis of TAM may help plan treatment to better manage TAM and prevent ML-DS by eradicating mutant GATA1 clones.Open Acces

Simoctocog alfa (Nuwiq ® ) in children: early steps in life’s journey for people with severe hemophilia A

People with severe hemophilia A usually experience their first bleed early in life. In children with severe hemophilia A, primary prophylaxis is recommended to prevent recurrent and potentially life-threatening bleeds that significantly impact day-to-day life. Factor VIII (FVIII) prophylaxis is well-established in children and has been shown to reduce the development of hemophilic arthropathy. However, a major challenge of FVIII therapy is the development of neutralizing anti-FVIII antibodies (FVIII inhibitors). Simoctocog alfa (Nuwiq®) is a human cell line-derived recombinant FVIII (rFVIII) whose immunogenicity, efficacy, and safety have been studied in 167 children with severe hemophilia A across two prospective clinical trials and their long-term extensions. In 105 previously untreated children, the inhibitor rate of 16.2% for high-titer inhibitors (26.7% for all inhibitors) was lower than published rates for hamster cell line-derived rFVIII products. There was no inhibitor development in previously untreated children with non-null F8 mutations and in previously treated children. In a case series of 10 inhibitor patients, 8 (80%) underwent successful immune tolerance induction with simoctocog alfa with a median time to undetectable inhibitor of 3.5 months. In an analysis of 96 children who enrolled in the extension studies and received long-term simoctocog alfa prophylaxis for up to 5 years, median spontaneous, joint, and total annualized bleeding rates were 0.3, 0.4, and 1.8, respectively. No thromboembolisms were reported in any of the 167 children, and there were no treatment-related deaths. Optimal care of children should consider several factors, including minimization of inhibitor development risk, maintaining tolerance to FVIII, highly effective bleed prevention and treatment, safety, and impact on long-term outcomes such as bone and joint health. In this context we review the pediatric clinical data and ongoing studies with simoctocog alfa

Bio Nanotechnological Intervention: A Sustainable Alternative to Treat Dye Bearing Waste Waters

Waste water treatment issues have been a growing problems these days. It has become stringently important to treat waste water prior its release into adjoining surface water bodies. In recent past, bio nanotechnological solutions have proved to be of paramount importance in circumventing the issues associated with dye bearing waste waters. Nanoparticles have a great potential to be used in waste water treatment. Its unique characteristic of having high surface area can be used efficiently for removing toxic metal ions, disease causing microbes, organic and inorganic solutes from water. Various classes of nanomaterials have been efficiently utilized for above cited facts including treatment of dye bearing waste water released from textile industries like metal-containing nanoparticles, carbonaceous nanomaterials, zeolites and dendrimers. The paper presents a comprehensive review of recent advances on different nanomaterial based mitigation strategies. Special emphasis has been given to green synthesis of nanoparticles aimed to address problems associated with textile effluents through nano bioremediation

Assessment of Ear Nose and Throat morbidities prevalent in the school going children aged 5-14 years in rural area of Jamnagar

Background: India is home to more than 400 million children forming about 35% of its total population. Upper respiratory tract infections predispose a child to complications such as otitis media, tonsillitis, and sinusitis that further contribute to morbidity leading to hearing impairment and learning disability & even RHD. Unfortunately these morbidities are either not detected or remain untreated making situation worse. Aims and objectives:1. To assess the prevalence of common Ear Nose and Throat symptoms among children aged 5-14 years and to study its relationship with socio-demographic factors 2. To know regarding health seeking behavior in relations to Ear Nose and Throat morbidities. Materials and method: A cross-sectional study was done over a period of 2 months among 300 school children aged 5-14 years of six government schools of Jamnagar district. Assessment was done through clinical examination and oral questioners. Results: Prevalence of Ear Nose and Throat morbidity was 46.66%; Ear (14.33%), Nose(28.66%) and Throat(10%).Common Ear Nose and Throat problems were– common cold(23%), cough(9.67%), sore throat(8.34%) and ear ache(8.67%). Associations of Ear Nose and Throat morbidity with age and religion were statistically significant. Only 31.40% of children had taken treatment for the problems. Mother’s education had statistically significant association on health seeking behavior of school children. Conclusion: Prevalence of Ear Nose and Throat morbidity was very high among school children, only 1/3 children had taken treatment, indicating negligence towards problems on the part of parents as well as teachers suggesting strong need for sensitization of parents and teachers

Are stage-based health information messages effective and good value for money in improving maternal newborn and child health outcomes in India? Protocol for an individually randomized controlled trial

Background Evidence is limited on the effectiveness of mobile health programs which provide stage-based health information messages to pregnant and postpartum women. Kilkari is an outbound service that delivers weekly, stage-based audio messages about pregnancy, childbirth, and childcare directly to families in 13 states across India on their mobile phones. In this protocol we outline methods for measuring the effectiveness and cost-effectiveness of Kilkari. Methods The study is an individually randomized controlled trial (iRCT) with a parallel, partially concurrent, and unblinded design. Five thousand pregnant women will be enrolled from four districts of Madhya Pradesh and randomized to an intervention or control arm. The women in the intervention arm will receive Kilkari messages while the control group will not receive any Kilkari messages as part of the study. Women in both arms will be followed from enrollment in the second and early third trimesters of pregnancy until one year after delivery. Differences in primary outcomes across study arms including early and exclusive breastfeeding and the adoption of modern contraception at 1 year postpartum will be assessed using intention to treat methodology. Surveys will be administered at baseline and endline containing modules on phone ownership, geographical and demographic characteristics, knowledge, practices, respectful maternity care, and coverage for antenatal care, delivery, and postnatal care. In-depth interviews and focus group discussions will be carried out to understand user perceptions of Kilkari, and more broadly, experiences providing phone numbers and personal health information to health care providers. Costs and consequences will be estimated from a societal perspective for the 2018–2019 analytic time horizon. Discussion Kilkari is the largest maternal messaging program, in terms of absolute numbers, currently being implemented globally. Evaluations of similar initiatives elsewhere have been small in scale and focused on summative outcomes, presenting limited evidence on individual exposure to content. Drawing upon system-generated data, we explore linkages between successful receipt of calls, user engagement with calls, and reported outcomes. This is the first study of its kind in India and is anticipated to provide the most robust and comprehensive evidence to date on maternal messaging programs globally. Trial registration Clinicaltrials.gov, 90075552, NCT03576157 . Registered on 22 June 2018

Effects of antiplatelet therapy on stroke risk by brain imaging features of intracerebral haemorrhage and cerebral small vessel diseases: subgroup analyses of the RESTART randomised, open-label trial

Background Findings from the RESTART trial suggest that starting antiplatelet therapy might reduce the risk of recurrent symptomatic intracerebral haemorrhage compared with avoiding antiplatelet therapy. Brain imaging features of intracerebral haemorrhage and cerebral small vessel diseases (such as cerebral microbleeds) are associated with greater risks of recurrent intracerebral haemorrhage. We did subgroup analyses of the RESTART trial to explore whether these brain imaging features modify the effects of antiplatelet therapy

Chemoenzymatic synthesis, nanotization and anti- aspergillus activity of optically enriched fluconazole analogues

Despite recent advances in diagnostic and therapeutic advances in antifungal research, aspergillosis still remains a leading cause of morbidity and mortality. One strategy to address this problem is to enhance the activity spectrum of known antifungals, and we now report the first successful application of Candida antarctica lipase (CAL) for the preparation of optically enriched fluconazole analogs. Anti-Aspergillus activity was observed for an optically enriched derivative, (-)-S-2-(2’ ,4’ -difluorophenyl)-1-hexyl-amino-3-(1‴,2‴,4‴) triazol-1‴-yl-propan-2-ol, which exhibits MIC values of 15.6 μg/mL and 7.8 μg/disc in microbroth dilution and disc diffusion assays, respectively. This compound is tolerated by mammalian erythrocytes and cell lines (A549 and U87) at concentrations of up to 1000 μg/mL. When incorporated into dextran nanoparticles, the novel, optically enriched fluconazole analog exhibited improved antifungal activity against Aspergillus fumigatus (MIC = 1.63 μg/mL). These results not only demonstrate the ability of biocatalytic approaches to yield novel, optically enriched fluconazole derivatives but also suggest that enantiomerically pure fluconazole derivatives, and their nanotised counterparts, exhibiting anti-Aspergillus activity may have reduced toxicity