The U.S. and China in India’s Foreign Economic Policy: In Quest of Balance for Maintaining Strategic Autonomy

The paper investigates trade and investment relations between India and its two major trading partners, viz. the U.S. and China in the 2000-2010s. On the basis of mixed method research with equal use of quantitative and qualitative, as well as historical and statistical methods, the authors estimate the possibilities for expanding interstate interactions and the difficulties the countries might face. By comparing the scale and particulars of the product structure of Indo-American and Indo-Chinese trade, the authors reveal that intra-industry trade between India and the United States is at a fairly high level, which, in turn, is not typical for the trade between India and China, which is mostly inter-industry due to the sluggish cooperation of Indian and Chinese entrepreneurs. The authors assess the intensity of the Indo-American and Indo-Chinese bilateral trade between 2000-2018 by means of indices of intensity of Indias exports and imports to / from the USA and China, as well as indices of intensity of exports and imports of its partners to / from India. The obtained results outline the upward trend of the share of Indian exports to the U.S. relative to other countries, which indicates that India is successfully conquering the U.S. market, and Indian goods are becoming increasingly competitive. Meanwhile, the volume of Indian-Chinese trade remains on a much lower level than it could be expected with the current share of India in the world trade. In the meantime, neither for the United States nor for China, India is a dominant partner. The article also investigates major obstacles hindering the development of both Indo-American and Indo-Chinese bilateral relations. The obtained results enable the authors to predict that in the short- and mid-term economic cooperation between India and its leading partners is likely to strengthen, with India keeping striving for standing neuter while building the two most crucial vectors of its foreign economic policy

Mercenaries as a political Tool of World Powers in the Congo Сrisis of 1960–1967

The period of national liberation movements was marked by a struggle for political influence between world powers in the rich newly independent countries. The Congo crisis was the first to witness such an intense use of mercenaries by world powers in modern history. Policies differed – several western countries hired mercenaries to help suppress secessionist insurgencies, while others used them to support the secession of some regions in the Congo (now – Democratic Republic of Congo). Mercenaries were used to suppress Simba rebellion, to help in release of hostages, as well as in training the Congolese National Army. There was much to gain from the use of mercenary forces by the former colonizing nations. While formally they set the colonies free, informally they continued influencing politics in these countries using clandestine forces – the phenomenon which later becomes known as an essential component of “neocolonialism”. The use of numerous “soldiers of fortune” in the Congo will launch a process of corporate mercenarism, leading to the participation of mercenaries and private military contractors in a higher number of conflicts. In a short period of time contractors will become an integral part of military missions worldwide

OUTSIDE THE LAWS OF THE MARKET. REGULATION OF THE INTERNATIONAL SECURITY SPHERE

Cockayne J. Beyond market forces: Regulating the global security industry / J. Cockayne, E. Speers Mears, I. Cherneva, A. Gurin, Sh. Oviedo, D. Yaeger. N.Y. : International Peace Institute, 2009. 333 с

The Perspectives of International Regulation of Private Military and Security Companies

Modern international security is a heterogeneous sphere that includes both state and nonstate actors. Legal status of some non-state actors is not always clear. This can be attributed mostly to the dynamics of the global processes. The emergence of new actors, their fast transformation and shift from old forms of activity to the new ones often outpace political and legal assessment of their nature, the impact on some other international trends and the implications of their use that may arise. States and international organizations together with business and non-governmental foundations have started to turn to private security actors more frequently. The fact that traditional methods of state violence are complemented by non-traditional forms influences the idea of violence in the society at large. The efficiency of non-state security actors and the speed they provide services with sometimes exceed the ones of civil servants' and outmaneuver state machine. However these advantages do not contribute to the legitimacy of these non-state actors. As a result during a certain period of time, sometimes a significant one, new actors perform having just a partial legitimacy and a vague accoun tability. Various approaches towards regulation of the abovementioned actors within the framework of national and regional legislation clarify their status in a way. But these measures are not enough for them to obtain legal status under the International Law so far. To address the problem a complex approach that would combine the existing International Law mechanisms with the developing self-regulation methods is needed

On the Well-Posedness of Some Problems of Filtration in Porous Media

Марина Николаевна Небольсина, кандидат физико-математических наук, доцент, кафедра «Математическое моделирование:», Математический факультет, Воронежский государственный университет (г. Воронеж, Российская Федерация), [email protected]. Аль Кхазраджи Сундус Хатем Маджид, аспирант, кафедра «Математическое моделирование», Математический факультет, Воронежский государственный университет (г. Воронеж, Российская Федерация), [email protected]. M.N. Nebolsina, Voronezh State University, Voronezh, Russian Federation, [email protected] Al Khazraji S.H.M., Voronezh State University, Voronezh, Russian Federation, [email protected]В работе методом теории полугрупп линейных преобразований устанавливается равномерно корректная разрешимость начально-краевых задач для одного класса интегрально-дифференциальных уравнений, рассматриваемых в ограниченной и полуограниченной областях, которые описывают процессы нестационарной фильтрации сжимающей жидкости в пористой среде. Частный случай таких уравнений на полубесконечной прямой с условием Дирихле на границе рассматривался в работе Ю.И. Бабенко. В этой работе требовалось найти градиент давления на границе области. Здесь ответ получен формальным применением дробного интегро-дифференцирования, не затрагивая вопроса о корректной разрешимости и устойчивости решения к погрешностям по исходным данным. При этом решение задачи представляется в виде формального ряда с неограниченным оператором, сходимость которого также не обсуждается. Метод теории сильно непрерывных полугрупп преобразований позволяет установить равномерно корректную разрешимость задач Дирихле и Неймана как для конечных так и бесконечных областей. Это дает возможность в случае задачи Дирихле корректно вычислить градиент давления на границе и значение решения на границе в случае условий Неймана. Здесь же доказана устойчивость решения по начальным данным. Using the theory of semigroups of linear transformations, we establish the uniform well-posedness of initial-boundary value problems for a class of integrodifferential equations in bounded and half-bounded regions describing the processes of nonstationary filtration of squeezing liquid in porous media. Babenko considered a particular case of these equations on the semi-infinite straight line with Dirichlet condition on the boundary. In that work it was required to find the pressure gradient on the boundary, and the answer is obtained by the formal application of fractional integro-differentiation while ignoring the question of continuous dependence on the intial data. The solution is expressed as a formal series involving an unbounded operator, whose convergence is not discussed. The theory of strongly continuous semigroups of transformations enables us to establish the uniform well-posedness of the Dirichlet and Neumann problems for both finite and infinite regions. It enables us to calculate the pressure gradient on the boundary in the case of the Dirichlet problem and the boundary value of the solution in the case of the Neumann problem. We also prove that the solution is stable with respect to the initial data