21 research outputs found
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Review of PV Inverter Technology Cost and Performance Projections
The National Renewable Energy Laboratory (NREL) has a major responsibility in the implementation of the U.S. Department of Energy's (DOE's) Solar Energy Technologies Program. Sandia National Laboratories (SNL) has a major role in supporting inverter development, characterization, standards, certifications, and verifications. The Solar Energy Technologies Program recently published a Multiyear Technical Plan, which establishes a goal of reducing the Levelized Energy Cost (LEC) for photovoltaic (PV) systems to 0.25-0.30 Wp by 2020. DOE determined the need to conduct a rigorous review of the PV Program's technical and economic targets, including the target set for PV inverters. NREL requested that Navigant Consulting Inc.(NCI) conduct a review of historical and projected cost and performance improvements for PV inverters, including identification of critical barriers identified and the approaches government might use to address them
Optimal metering plan for measurement and verification on a lighting case study
M&V (Measurement and Verification) has become an indispensable process in various incentive EEDSM
(energy efficiency and demand side management) programmes to accurately and reliably measure and
verify the project performance in terms of energy and/or cost savings. Due to the uncertain nature of the
unmeasurable savings, there is an inherent trade-off between the M&V accuracy and M&V cost. In order
to achieve the required M&V accuracy cost-effectively, we propose a combined spatial and longitudinal
MCM (metering cost minimisation) model to assist the design of optimal M&V metering plans, which
minimises the metering cost whilst satisfying the required measurement and sampling accuracy of M&V.
The objective function of the proposed MCM model is the M&V metering cost that covers the procurement,
installation and maintenance of the metering system whereas the M&V accuracy requirements
are formulated as the constraints. Optimal solutions to the proposed MCM model offer useful
information in designing the optimal M&V metering plan. The advantages of the proposed MCM model
are demonstrated by a case study of an EE lighting retrofit project and the model is widely applicable to
other M&V lighting projects with different population sizes and sampling accuracy requirements.http://www.journals.elsevier.com/energy2017-01-31hb2016Electrical, Electronic and Computer Engineerin