Design to reliability shielded vertical interconnection applied to microwave Chip Scale Packaging

This paper presents the electrical design, measurement and reliability ests of a shielded vertical interconnection dedicated to microwave solder-mount packages. Electromagnetic simulations show very good results up to 20 GHz. Test samples have been designed and manufactured. Electrical results are in accordance with the simulations with insertion loss lower than 0.1 dB up to 20 GHz for the proposed interconnection. Reliability tests of present no degradation of the after 500 thermal cycles in the [-55°C, +125°C] temperature range

La tournée de Forêt Méditerranéenne en Calabre (Italie du Sud) du 1er au 6 juin 2011

Cet article est le compte rendu de la 23e tournée de l’association Forêt Méditerranéenne qui s’est déroulée du 1er au 6 juin 2011 en Italie du Sud, plus précisément dans la région de la Calabre, la pointe de la botte italienne, face à la Sicile. Ce fut l’occasion pour les 29 participants de découvrir de magnifiques forêts insoupçonnées

Introducing a new ICRU report: Prescribing, recording and reporting electron beam therapy

The ICRU published several Reports about volumes and doses specifications for radiotherapy, such as the Report 29 (1978), devoted to photon and electron beam therapy. This report 29 becoming absolete, a new Report was published in 1993 for external photon beam radiotherapy, the Report 50, recommending new definitions and more accurate specifications. With electran beams specific problems are raised, and the ICRU considered suitable to prepare a special Report for them, to be published in the near future.The main features of the present draft are as follows:1.Volumes specifications in agreement with the ICRU Report 50,•Volumes to be determined before treatment planning: gross tumour volume (GTV), c1inical target volume (CTV), organs at risk volumes (OR).•Volume to be determined during treatment planning: Planning target volume (PTV).•Volumes resulting fram the treatment plan chosen: treatment volume (TV), irradiated volume (IV).In the future Report on electron beams, an additional volume is defined, the internal target volume (ITV) geometrical concept representing the volume en-compassing the c1inical target volume, taking into consideration margins due to the variations of the clinical target volume in position, shape an size. A similar concept has been extended to organs at risk, the planning organ at risk volume.2.Dose specificationThe general statements for photon beams apply:•dose at a reference point (ICRU point) situated at or near the center of the planning target volume and, when possible, near or on the central axis of the electron beam at the depth of the peak dose.•Minimal and maximal doses in the planning target volume•Dose delivered to the organs at risk•Additional information is recommended, when possible (e.g. DVH).With electron beams, the dose homogeneity expected within the PTV (± 5 to ± 10 %) requires an adaptation of the terapeutic range concept, such that the value of the isodose surface encompassing the PTV be situated between 85 % and 95 % of the reference dose. The peak absorbed dose on the beam axis should always been specified, even if it is different fram the reference dose.At last, as in Report 50, three levels of dose evaluation for reporting are considered, depending on the aim of the treatment and the data available

La tournée de Forêt Méditerranéenne en Calabre (Italie du Sud) du 1er au 6 juin 2011

International audienc

Influence des organes receveurs sur la distribution du carbone photosynthétique entre l'amidon et le saccharose dans la feuille de soja

L'influence des transferts vers les organes receveurs sur la distribution foliaire du carbone photosynthétique entre l'amidon et le saccharose est étudiée sur des plants de soja (Glycine max, L Merr), variété Kingsoy. Après des incorporations foliaires de 14CO2 effectuées in situ, la répartition du radiocarbone entre les 2 glucides et son transfert vers les organes receveurs sont précisés aux cours des h qui suivent l'incorporation. Lorsque les migrations sont importantes ou stimulées par des irrigations fertilisantes, peu de radiocarbone est intégré dans l'amidon. Inversement, si les transferts sont ralentis, davantage de carbone fixé est utilisé pour la synthèse de l'amidon; ce dernier, ainsi que le saccharose, s'accumulent dans la feuille. Ces résultats sont confirmés par des expériences où l'on modifie artificiellement le rapport source/puits. En présence d'une alimentation minérale déséquilibrée, les transferts d'assimilats sont fortement réduits et la teneur foliaire en saccharose augmente; l'activité de la saccharose phosphate synthase diminue; et, malgré une faible teneur en F-2,6-P favorable à la formation du saccharose, davantage de carbone photosynthétique est orienté vers l'amidon.Influence of sinks on photosynthetic carbon distribution between starch and sucrose in soybean leaf. The influence of translocations towards sinks on photosynthetic carbon distribution between foliar starch and sucrose was studied in soybean plants (Glycine max L Merr), cv Kingsoy. After foliar 14CO2 incorporation in situ, the radiocarbon distribution between starch and sucrose and the 14C translocation towards sinks were investigated during the hours following incorporation (fig 1). When the export rate increased or was stimulated by fertilising irrigations, less radiocarbon was incorporated into starch (fig 2). If the translocation decreased, more radiocarbon was used for starch synthesis and the leaf accumulated starch and sucrose (table II). Experiments on source/sink modifications corroborated these data (fig 3). Nutrient solution overloaded with minerals decreased the export rate and increased leaf sucrose content (fig 4); sucrose phosphate synthase activity weakened (table III) and, in spite of small F-2,6-P content facilitating sucrose formation, more photosynthetic carbon was directed towards starch

Influence des organes receveurs sur la distribution du carbone photosynthetique entre l'amidon et le saccharose dans la feuille de soja

National audienceThe influence of translocations towards sinks on photosynthetic carbon distribution between foliar starch and sucrose was studied in soybean plants (Glycine max L Merr), cv Kingsoy. After foliar 14CO2 incorporation in situ, the radiocarbon distribution between starch and sucrose and the 14C translocation towards sinks were investigated during the hours following incorporation (fig 1). When the export rate increased or was stimulated by fertilising irrigations, less radiocarbon was incorporated into starch (fig 2). If the translocation decreased, more radiocarbon was used for starch synthesis and the leaf accumulated starch and sucrose (table II). Experiments on source/sink modifications corroborated these data (fig 3). Nutrient solution overloaded with minerals decreased the export rate and increased leaf sucrose content (fig 4); sucrose phosphate synthase activity weakened (table III) and, in spite of small F-2,6-P content facilitating sucrose formation, more photosynthetic carbon was directed towards starch.L’influence des transferts vers les organes receveurs sur la distribution foliaire du carbone photosynthétique entre l’amidon et le saccharose est étudiée sur des plants de soja (Glycine max, L Merr), variété Kingsoy. Après des incorporations foliaires de 14CO2 effectuées in situ, la répartition du radiocarbone entre les 2 glucides et son transfert vers les organes receveurs sont précisés aux cours des h qui suivent l’incorporation. Lorsque les migrations sont importantes ou stimulées par des irrigations fertilisantes, peu de radiocarbone est intégré dans l’amidon. Inversement, si les transferts sont ralentis, davantage de carbone fixé est utilisé pour la synthèse de l’amidon; ce dernier, ainsi que le saccharose, s’accumulent dans la feuille. Ces résultats sont confirmés par des expériences où l’on modifie artificiellement le rapport source/puits. En présence d’une alimentation minérale déséquilibrée, les transferts d’assimilats sont fortement réduits et la teneur foliaire en saccharose augmente; l’activité de la saccharose phosphate synthase diminue; et, malgré une faible teneur en F-2,6-P favorable à la formation du saccharose, davantage de carbone photosynthétique est orienté vers l’amidon

Influence of ex situ ageing on Nafion membrane functional properties

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Influence des basses temperatures nocturnes sur les transferts des assimilats foliaires vers les graines de soja.

National audienc

Influence of hygrothermal aging on the gas and water transport properties of Nafion (R) membranes

International audienceThe membrane durability is a critical issue for proton exchange membrane fuel cell development. Nafion (R) is usually considered as a reference membrane due to its high chemical stability. However, a condensation mechanism of the sullonic groups to fOrM anhydrides was evidenced when Nafioe (R) membranes were stored at 80 degrees C under humid atmospheres. In the present work, Nafion (R) 112 membranes and chemically stabilized Nafion (R) I' NRE212C5 membranes commercialized to replace Nafion (R)) 112 were studied under hygrothermal aging performed at 80 degrees C for two relative humidity conditions: 80% and 95%. The impact of the aging conditions was investigated on membrane water and gas transport properties over the whole range of water activity. For both membrane types, a progressive decrease of the water uptakes was observed as a function of aging time. The hygrothermal aging process was faster for Nafioe 112 membranes than for the chemically stabilized Nalioe' membranes, It became slower as the relative humidity of the aging atmosphere decreased from 95% to 80%. A water transport mechanism based on sorption and permeation data was proposed for the aged membranes taking account of the water/polymer interactions and of the progressive crosslinking of the Nation" hydrophilic phase. The gas transport properties were studied for H-2, O-2 and CO2 at different water activities. The decrease of the gas permeability coefficients observed for the aged membranes in comparison with the neat membranes confirmed the presence of gas diffusion pathways within the Nafion (R) hydrophilic phase. The role of these diffusion paths was discussed as a function of the membrane hydration state, as a function of the aging conditions and of the polarity and size of the diffusing gas molecules