The Maunder minimum (1645-1715) was indeed a grand minimum: a reassessment of multiple datasets

Aims. Although the time of the Maunder minimum (1645–1715) is widely known as a period of extremely low solar activity, it is still being debated whether solar activity during that period might have been moderate or even higher than the current solar cycle (number 24). We have revisited all existing evidence and datasets, both direct and indirect, to assess the level of solar activity during the Maunder minimum. Methods. We discuss the East Asian naked-eye sunspot observations, the telescopic solar observations, the fraction of sunspot active days, the latitudinal extent of sunspot positions, auroral sightings at high latitudes, cosmogenic radionuclide data as well as solar eclipse observations for that period. We also consider peculiar features of the Sun (very strong hemispheric asymmetry of the sunspot location, unusual differential rotation and the lack of the K-corona) that imply a special mode of solar activity during the Maunder minimum. Results. The level of solar activity during the Maunder minimum is reassessed on the basis of all available datasets. Conclusions. We conclude that solar activity was indeed at an exceptionally low level during the Maunder minimum. Although the exact level is still unclear, it was definitely lower than during the Dalton minimum of around 1800 and significantly below that of the current solar cycle #24. Claims of a moderate-to-high level of solar activity during the Maunder minimum are rejected with a high confidence level

Domestic violence at the crossroads: violence against poor women and women of colour. Women’s Studies Quarterly 32

Abstract All too often research on domestic violence has been presented as a "one size fits all" approach. This is inadequate to the experiences and needs of diverse groups of women who are abused. Instead, this article looks at the recent research using a race, class, gender, sexuality intersectional analysis and structural framework to understand the lived experiences and contexts of domestic violence for marginalized women in the U.S., the relationship of battering in the family to violence against women (and men) by larger systems of socially structured inequality in poor and racialized communities, and the availability of resources to diverse groups of women to fight this oppression. While culture is key in explaining violence against women, it is important to not make "culture" the scapegoat in an analysis of violence against women nor to downplay the strengths of different cultures available to battered women. It is argued that only by understanding the structural systems of social inequality through which different cultures operate that we can work toward safety for all women and children

Chapter 19. Battering, Forgiveness, and Redemption: Exploring Alternative Models for Addressing Domestic Violence in Communities of Color

This is a thoughtful and scholarly addition to the unfortunately scarce literature on domestic violence and oppression in all its forms. —Jacquelyn C. Campbell, Anna D. Wolf Chair, Johns Hopkins University School of Nursing An exciting and powerful collection that eloquently critiques some of the current thinking in domestic violence and raises key concerns for advocates and scholars working in the area. —Sujata Warrier, president, board of directors, Manavi: An organization for South Asian women Sokoloff has assembled an impressive array of authors who challenge us to `think outside of our contemporary domestic violence box.\u27 —Angela M. Moore Parmley, chief, violence and victimization research division, National Institute of Justice This groundbreaking anthology reorients the field of domestic violence research by bringing long-overdue attention to the structural forms of oppression in communities marginalized by race, ethnicity, religion, sexuality, or social class. Reprints of the most influential recent work in the field as well as more than a dozen newly commissioned essays explore theoretical issues, current research, service provision, and activism among Latinos, African Americans, Asian Americans, Jewish Americans, and lesbians. The volume rejects simplistic analyses of the role of culture in domestic violence by elucidating the support systems available to battered women within different cultures, while at the same time addressing the distinct problems generated by that culture. Together, the essays pose a compelling challenge to stereotypical images of battered women that are racist, homophobic, and xenophobic. The most up-to-date and comprehensive picture of domestic violence available, this anthology is an essential text for courses in sociology, criminology, social work, and women\u27s studies. Beyond the classroom, it provides critical information and resources for professionals working in domestic violence services, advocacy, social work, and law enforcement.https://digitalcommons.wcl.american.edu/facsch_bk_contributions/1266/thumbnail.jp

Chapter 19. Battering, Forgiveness, and Redemption: Exploring Alternative Models for Addressing Domestic Violence in Communities of Color

This is a thoughtful and scholarly addition to the unfortunately scarce literature on domestic violence and oppression in all its forms. —Jacquelyn C. Campbell, Anna D. Wolf Chair, Johns Hopkins University School of Nursing An exciting and powerful collection that eloquently critiques some of the current thinking in domestic violence and raises key concerns for advocates and scholars working in the area. —Sujata Warrier, president, board of directors, Manavi: An organization for South Asian women Sokoloff has assembled an impressive array of authors who challenge us to `think outside of our contemporary domestic violence box.\u27 —Angela M. Moore Parmley, chief, violence and victimization research division, National Institute of Justice This groundbreaking anthology reorients the field of domestic violence research by bringing long-overdue attention to the structural forms of oppression in communities marginalized by race, ethnicity, religion, sexuality, or social class. Reprints of the most influential recent work in the field as well as more than a dozen newly commissioned essays explore theoretical issues, current research, service provision, and activism among Latinos, African Americans, Asian Americans, Jewish Americans, and lesbians. The volume rejects simplistic analyses of the role of culture in domestic violence by elucidating the support systems available to battered women within different cultures, while at the same time addressing the distinct problems generated by that culture. Together, the essays pose a compelling challenge to stereotypical images of battered women that are racist, homophobic, and xenophobic. The most up-to-date and comprehensive picture of domestic violence available, this anthology is an essential text for courses in sociology, criminology, social work, and women\u27s studies. Beyond the classroom, it provides critical information and resources for professionals working in domestic violence services, advocacy, social work, and law enforcement.https://digitalcommons.wcl.american.edu/facsch_bk_contributions/1266/thumbnail.jp