Characterizing SL2S galaxy groups using the Einstein radius

We analyzed the Einstein radius, $\theta_E$, in our sample of SL2S galaxy groups, and compared it with $R_A$ (the distance from the arcs to the center of the lens), using three different approaches: 1.- the velocity dispersion obtained from weak lensing assuming a Singular Isothermal Sphere profile ($\theta_{E,I}$), 2.- a strong lensing analytical method ($\theta_{E,II}$) combined with a velocity dispersion-concentration relation derived from numerical simulations designed to mimic our group sample, 3.- strong lensing modeling ($\theta_{E,III}$) of eleven groups (with four new models presented in this work) using HST and CFHT images. Finally, $R_A$ was analyzed as a function of redshift $z$ to investigate possible correlations with L, N, and the richness-to-luminosity ratio (N/L). We found a correlation between $\theta_{E}$ and $R_A$, but with large scatter. We estimate $\theta_{E,I}$ = (2.2 $\pm$ 0.9) + (0.7 $\pm$ 0.2)$R_A$, $\theta_{E,II}$ = (0.4 $\pm$ 1.5) + (1.1 $\pm$ 0.4)$R_A$, and $\theta_{E,III}$ = (0.4 $\pm$ 1.5) + (0.9 $\pm$ 0.3)$R_A$ for each method respectively. We found a weak evidence of anti-correlation between $R_A$ and $z$, with Log$R_A$ = (0.58$\pm$0.06) - (0.04$\pm$0.1)$z$, suggesting a possible evolution of the Einstein radius with $z$, as reported previously by other authors. Our results also show that $R_A$ is correlated with L and N (more luminous and richer groups have greater $R_A$), and a possible correlation between $R_A$ and the N/L ratio. Our analysis indicates that $R_A$ is correlated with $\theta_E$ in our sample, making $R_A$ useful to characterize properties like L and N (and possible N/L) in galaxy groups. Additionally, we present evidence suggesting that the Einstein radius evolves with $z$.Comment: Accepted for publication in Astronomy & Astrophysics. Typos correcte

Quantitative analysis of numerical estimates for the permeability of porous media from lattice-Boltzmann simulations

During the last decade, lattice-Boltzmann (LB) simulations have been improved to become an efficient tool for determining the permeability of porous media samples. However, well known improvements of the original algorithm are often not implemented. These include for example multirelaxation time schemes or improved boundary conditions, as well as different possibilities to impose a pressure gradient. This paper shows that a significant difference of the calculated permeabilities can be found unless one uses a carefully selected setup. We present a detailed discussion of possible simulation setups and quantitative studies of the influence of simulation parameters. We illustrate our results by applying the algorithm to a Fontainebleau sandstone and by comparing our benchmark studies to other numerical permeability measurements in the literature.Comment: 14 pages, 11 figure

Características de la violencia intrafamiliar en Imbabura

La violencia intrafamiliar en general y en concreto la violencia contra la mujer en las relaciones de pareja representa un problema importante en la sociedad ecuatoriana. Este artículo presenta un estudio descriptivo de la violencia intrafamiliar en la provincia de Imbabura. Asimismo, se comparan las características sociodemográficas de la víctima y del agresor en función del sexo. Para el desarrollo de estos objetivos se ha analizado la base de datos del Departamento de Violencia Intrafamiliar de la Policía Nacional (DEVIF) correspondiente a los años 2013 y 2014. Para el periodo estudiado, los resultados muestran un total de 2.565 casos de violencia. Respecto a las características de víctimas y agresores, las primeras son mayoritariamente mujeres y la situación de violencia que sufren se enmarca fundamentalmente en las relaciones de pareja. Por otra parte, se identifican también algunas características sociodemográficas diferenciales en función del sexo de la víctima y del agresor así como en las medidas de protección adoptadas en cada caso. Finalmente se discuten estos resultados y se constatan algunas debilidades del sistema de recolección de datos que tienen las instituciones gubernamentales vinculadas a este tema

Chemical composition of Tithonia diversifolia (Hemsl.) and its effect on growth performance, feed efficiency and metabolic biochemistry of juvenile hybrid tilapia Oreochromis mossambicus × Oreochromis niloticus

The aquaculture due to the high cost and continued shortage of animal protein sources, the development of alternative plant protein sources has been one of the main challenges to establish sustainable aquaculture as economically viable. Objective of this investigation was to determine the chemical composition and effect of Tithonia diversifolia on the growth performance, feed efficiency and metabolic biochemistry of juveniles of Oreochromis mossambicus × Oreochromis niloticus. Five treatments were used: 0% (control), 4, 8, 12 and 16% levels of inclusion of T. diversifolia flour in diet to feed juvenile fish cultured in 15 plastic aquariums at a density of 15 fish/aquarium. The assay lasted eight weeks. The T. diversifolia flour was characterized for showing adequate levels of crude protein (21%), with low crude fat (4.5%) levels, neutral detergent fiber levels: 43.03% and acid detergent fiber: 24.40%. The growth performance presented significant differences (p˂0.05), for weight gain, day average weight gain (DAW), length gain, day average length gain (DAL), specific growth rate (SGR), feed efficiency (FE), protein efficiency ratio (PER) and feed conversion ratio (FCR). In treatment with 16% of inclusion of T. diversifolia flour, values obtained for weight gain, DAW, SGR, FE and PER (15.88 g, 0.28 g. day-1, 2.03 %, 0.34 g.g-1 and 0.98, respectively), which did not differ with the control treatment, highlighting the benefits of T diversifolia flour. The metabolic biochemistry parameters experienced a decrease with the increase of T. diversifolia in diet, where the highest values of triglycerides, cholesterol, and glucose were for the control treatment (p <0.05), while the protein increased to 4% of the flour. T. diversifolia flour presents an adequate balance of nutrients for its chemical composition and amino acids, without causing negative effects on the growth performance, weight-length relationship, feed efficiency, survival and metabolic biochemistry

Amphibia, Anura, Hylidae, Dendropsophus microcephalus (Boulenger, 1898): distribution extensions

Non

Peasant rationality and livelihoods of the coffee-growers from Caldas

En el presente texto se hace referencia a la crisis cafetera que tuvieron los departamentos de Risaralda,  Quindío y, especialmente, Caldas. En primera instancia, esta crisis afectó la economía de estos  departamentos, que se basan principalmente en la producción del grano. En segunda instancia, se afectaron  los indicadores sociales, a los cuales se les suma la inestabilidad política, derivada de la incursión de los  diferentes actores armados en la región. El impacto de la crisis en la dinámica de la sociedad caldense  permite concluir que los años noventa se constituyeron en la década perdida para el desarrollo regional. No  obstante la profundidad de la crisis, surgieron alternativas originadas desde los mismos caficultores, pues  desarrollaron estrategias sociales que adoptaron de acuerdo con su capacidad para controlar los diferentes  factores de producción en su finca y la disponibilidad de recursos institucionales. The present text refers to the coffee crisis in the Risaralda, Quindío and specially Caldas departments. In first  place, this crisis affected the economy of these departments, which is predominantly based on the coffee  production. In second instance, it affected the social indicators, accompanied by the political instability  derived from the incursion of the different armed groups of the region. The impact of the crisis in the  dynamics of the Caldas society allows the conclusion that the 1990s became a lost decade for regional  development. Nevertheless, from the depth of the crisis, alternatives arose, originated from the coffee- growers themselves, since they developed social strategies adopted in accordance to their aptitude to control the different production factors of their farms land and the availability of institutional resources

Peasant rationality and livelihoods of the coffee-growers from Caldas

En el presente texto se hace referencia a la crisis cafetera que tuvieron los departamentos de Risaralda,  Quindío y, especialmente, Caldas. En primera instancia, esta crisis afectó la economía de estos  departamentos, que se basan principalmente en la producción del grano. En segunda instancia, se afectaron  los indicadores sociales, a los cuales se les suma la inestabilidad política, derivada de la incursión de los  diferentes actores armados en la región. El impacto de la crisis en la dinámica de la sociedad caldense  permite concluir que los años noventa se constituyeron en la década perdida para el desarrollo regional. No  obstante la profundidad de la crisis, surgieron alternativas originadas desde los mismos caficultores, pues  desarrollaron estrategias sociales que adoptaron de acuerdo con su capacidad para controlar los diferentes  factores de producción en su finca y la disponibilidad de recursos institucionales. The present text refers to the coffee crisis in the Risaralda, Quindío and specially Caldas departments. In first  place, this crisis affected the economy of these departments, which is predominantly based on the coffee  production. In second instance, it affected the social indicators, accompanied by the political instability  derived from the incursion of the different armed groups of the region. The impact of the crisis in the  dynamics of the Caldas society allows the conclusion that the 1990s became a lost decade for regional  development. Nevertheless, from the depth of the crisis, alternatives arose, originated from the coffee- growers themselves, since they developed social strategies adopted in accordance to their aptitude to control the different production factors of their farms land and the availability of institutional resources

Galaxy properties from J-PAS narrow-band photometry

We study the consistency of the physical properties of galaxies retrieved from SED-fitting as a function of spectral resolution and signal-to-noise ratio (SNR). Using a selection of physically motivated star formation histories, we set up a control sample of mock galaxy spectra representing observations of the local universe in high-resolution spectroscopy, and in 56 narrow-band and 5 broad-band photometry. We fit the SEDs at these spectral resolutions and compute their corresponding the stellar mass, the mass- and luminosity-weighted age and metallicity, and the dust extinction. We study the biases, correlations, and degeneracies affecting the retrieved parameters and explore the r\^ole of the spectral resolution and the SNR in regulating these degeneracies. We find that narrow-band photometry and spectroscopy yield similar trends in the physical properties derived, the former being considerably more precise. Using a galaxy sample from the SDSS, we compare more realistically the results obtained from high-resolution and narrow-band SEDs (synthesized from the same SDSS spectra) following the same spectral fitting procedures. We use results from the literature as a benchmark to our spectroscopic estimates and show that the prior PDFs, commonly adopted in parametric methods, may introduce biases not accounted for in a Bayesian framework. We conclude that narrow-band photometry yields the same trend in the age-metallicity relation in the literature, provided it is affected by the same biases as spectroscopy; albeit the precision achieved with the latter is generally twice as large as with the narrow-band, at SNR values typical of the different kinds of data.Comment: 26 pages, 15 figures. Accepted for publication in MNRA

Amphibia, Anura, Strabomantidae, Pristimantis permixtus Lynch, Ruiz-Carranza, and Ardila-Robayo, 1994: Distribution extension, Valle del Cauca, Colombia

Pristimantis permixtus is a moderate sized frog tipically of upper cloud forests and sub-páramo areas. Here we provide the second record and southernmost of P. permixtus in the Occidental Cordillera in the department of Valle del Cauca, Vereda Chicoral, municipality of La Cumbre, Colombia

Sistemas descentralizados integrados y sostenibles para el tratamiento de aguas residuales domesticas

In the rural sector of the department of Huila, the wastewater of different activities are usually discharged raw water sources causing pollution problems and public health. Traditionally have been proposed sewage treatment systems and conventional, centralized, characterized by its high cost. As another alternative solution, this study proposes the Integrated and Sustainable Decentralized Systems, characterized by integrating the Reclamation Treatment and Production, in addition to being low cost and easy construction, operation and maintenance. There are three prototypes of integrated and sustainable decentralized systems for treating domestic wastewater, which provide secondary treatment as Wetlands, Biological Pools and Multiple Action Septic Tanks, with theoretical efficiencies greater than 80% removal of BOD, SS, G and A and 50% in N and P; becoming an alternative for the decontamination of the watersheds.En el sector rural del departamento del Huila, las aguas residuales de las diferentes actividades generalmente son vertidas crudas a las fuentes hídricas causando problemas de contaminación y salud pública. Tradicionalmente se ha propuesto alcantarillados y sistemas de tratamiento convencionales y centralizados, caracterizados por ser de alto costo. Como otra alternativa de solución, este estudio propone los Sistemas Descentralizados Integrados y Sostenibles, que se caracterizan por integrar el Tratamiento con el Reuso y la Producción, además de ser de bajo costo y fácil construcción, operación y mantenimiento. Se presentan tres prototipos de Sistemas Descentralizados Integrados y Sostenibles para el tratamiento de aguas residuales domésticas, que contemplan como tratamiento secundario Humedales, Albercas Biológicas y Tanques Sépticos de Acción Múltiple, con eficiencias teóricas de remoción superiores a 80% en DBO, SS, G y A y 50% en N y P; convirtiéndose en una alternativa para la descontaminación de las microcuencas. &nbsp