Training and Development and Job Satisfaction in Education Sector

High quality performance demanded by the consumers of higher education and confronted by rapid changes in knowledge, technology, and even by the way academic work is being conducted (i.e., in teams, electronically over great distances, etc.) higher educational institutions must redefine themselves and , in essence, that means the faculty must either face obsolescence or continuously be participating in developmental activities. Therefore, institutions of higher education must develop a sustained long term faculty development strategy to enable their valuable human resources to work effectively and accomplish the organizational goals that are necessary to survive in the rapidly changing environment of higher education. To achieve the competitive advantage and get the best results, organizations have to provide the means to upgrade their employees which they can best do by organizing training and development programs, which not only improve the employees’ skills but also enhance their performance, motivation and give a sense of job satisfaction to them.  This study investigates the relationship between training and development and Job Satisfaction in Education Sector. Keywords: Training and Development, Job Satisfaction, Education Sector, Higher Educatio

Algorithms and Architectures for Some Problems in Multibeam Electron Beam Lithography and SEM Metrology

The original Moore’s law has slowed down. It has become unfeasible to double the number of transistor per unit area on integrated circuits every 18 to 24 months. However, the continuous need for computation power is driving the semiconductor industry towards innovative solutions to reduce integrated circuit sizes. Multibeam mask writers and accurate scanning electron microscopy (SEM) metrology are two such innovative solutions. Multibeam mask writers enable next-generation integrated circuit fabrication technologies like extreme ultraviolet lithography (EUV). However, the digital communication capacity constraints limit the widespread adoption of multibeam mask writers. In the first part of this dissertation thesis, we present a study of multibeam systems and offer improvements to increase their communication capacity. We propose improvements to the communication datapath architecture, compression algorithms, and the decompression architecture to improve the communication capacity. In the second part of this thesis, we attempt to improve scanning electron microscopy (SEM) metrology using deep learning techniques. Poisson noise, edge effects, and instrument errors frequently corrupt SEM images. Significant improvements in SEM metrology will enable next-generation lithography. To attain metrology improvements, we first create simulated datasets of SEM images and then train multiple deep convolution neural networks on these datasets. Our deep convolution neural networks exhibit superior performance in comparison with previous techniques. Particularly, we demonstrate improvements to nanostructure roughness measurements like line edge roughness (LER), which determine the quality of fabrication processes. Overall, this thesis work attempts to improve the semiconductor manufacturing process using architectural and algorithmic improvements

Food Additives

Different types of food additives have been discussed. I have discussed the role of food additives to preserve nutritional values and to maintain desired consistency of the product. The antioxidants and antimicrobials food preservatives have also been studied.   Keywords: food additives; preservatives; colorants; sweeteners DOI: 10.3126/bibechana.v6i0.3935 BIBECHANA Vol. 6, March 2010 pp.22-2

Food Additives

Different types of food additives have been discussed. I have discussed the role of food additives to preserve nutritional values and to maintain desired consistency of the product. The antioxidants and antimicrobials food preservatives have also been studied.   Keywords: food additives; preservatives; colorants; sweeteners DOI: 10.3126/bibechana.v6i0.3935 BIBECHANA Vol. 6, March 2010 pp.22-2

Schiff base metal complex as a potential therapeutic drug in medical science: A critical review

The discovery of new chemotherapeutics with novel bioactivities and functionalities to fight current emerging diseases has become the most significant research in pharmaceutical science. Schiff bases are versatile pharmacophores that can form complexes by chelation with metals of different oxidation states. Over a few decades of intensive research on metal-based drugs, Schiff base metal complexes have been considered as the active field of research in coordination chemistry, owing to their valuable applications in various fields of science. As therapeutic drugs, they have potential applications as antibiotic, antimicrobial, antitumor, antiviral, anti-inflammatory, analgesic, antifungal, and many more. There has been a global threat of drug resistance in medical science in recent years because most of the pathogenic organisms are developing the ability to deactivate drug substances. For this reason, it requires urgent attention from chemical and pharmaceutical scientists to address the severe challenges of multidrug resistance. This review summarizes the current developments in the last few decades' research on the chemotherapeutic activities of Schiff base metal complexes. BIBECHANA 18 (1) (2021) 214-23

Schiff base metal complex as a potential therapeutic drug in medical science: A critical review

The discovery of new chemotherapeutics with novel bioactivities and functionalities to fight current emerging diseases has become the most significant research in pharmaceutical science. Schiff bases are versatile pharmacophores that can form complexes by chelation with metals of different oxidation states. Over a few decades of intensive research on metal-based drugs, Schiff base metal complexes have been considered as the active field of research in coordination chemistry, owing to their valuable applications in various fields of science. As therapeutic drugs, they have potential applications as antibiotic, antimicrobial, antitumor, antiviral, anti-inflammatory, analgesic, antifungal, and many more. There has been a global threat of drug resistance in medical science in recent years because most of the pathogenic organisms are developing the ability to deactivate drug substances. For this reason, it requires urgent attention from chemical and pharmaceutical scientists to address the severe challenges of multidrug resistance. This review summarizes the current developments in the last few decades' research on the chemotherapeutic activities of Schiff base metal complexes. BIBECHANA 18 (1) (2021) 214-23

PDB-Struct: A Comprehensive Benchmark for Structure-based Protein Design

Structure-based protein design has attracted increasing interest, with numerous methods being introduced in recent years. However, a universally accepted method for evaluation has not been established, since the wet-lab validation can be overly time-consuming for the development of new algorithms, and the $\textit{in silico}$ validation with recovery and perplexity metrics is efficient but may not precisely reflect true foldability. To address this gap, we introduce two novel metrics: refoldability-based metric, which leverages high-accuracy protein structure prediction models as a proxy for wet lab experiments, and stability-based metric, which assesses whether models can assign high likelihoods to experimentally stable proteins. We curate datasets from high-quality CATH protein data, high-throughput $\textit{de novo}$ designed proteins, and mega-scale experimental mutagenesis experiments, and in doing so, present the $\textbf{PDB-Struct}$ benchmark that evaluates both recent and previously uncompared protein design methods. Experimental results indicate that ByProt, ProteinMPNN, and ESM-IF perform exceptionally well on our benchmark, while ESM-Design and AF-Design fall short on the refoldability metric. We also show that while some methods exhibit high sequence recovery, they do not perform as well on our new benchmark. Our proposed benchmark paves the way for a fair and comprehensive evaluation of protein design methods in the future. Code is available at https://github.com/WANG-CR/PDB-Struct.Comment: 13 page

Visualizing Live Chromatin Dynamics through CRISPR-Based Imaging Techniques

The three-dimensional organization of chromatin and its time-dependent changes greatly affect virtually every cellular function, especially DNA replication, genome maintenance, transcription regulation, and cell differentiation. Sequencing-based techniques such as ChIP-seq, ATAC-seq, and Hi-C provide abundant information on how genomic elements are coupled with regulatory proteins and functionally organized into hierarchical domains through their interactions. However, visualizing the time-dependent changes of such organization in individual cells remains challenging. Recent developments of CRISPR systems for site-specific fluorescent labeling of genomic loci have provided promising strategies for visualizing chromatin dynamics in live cells. However, there are several limiting factors, including background signals, off-target binding of CRISPR, and rapid photobleaching of the fluorophores, requiring a large number of target-bound CRISPR complexes to reliably distinguish the target-specific foci from the background. Various modifications have been engineered into the CRISPR system to enhance the signal-to-background ratio and signal longevity to detect target foci more reliably and efficiently, and to reduce the required target size. In this review, we comprehensively compare the performances of recently developed CRISPR designs for improved visualization of genomic loci in terms of the reliability of target detection, the ability to detect small repeat loci, and the allowed time of live tracking. Longer observation of genomic loci allows the detailed identification of the dynamic characteristics of chromatin. The diffusion properties of chromatin found in recent studies are reviewed, which provide suggestions for the underlying biological processes

Effect of post harvest treatments and harvesting stage on vase life and flower quality of cut Oriental lily

An investigation was carried out to study the effect of post harvest treatments and harvesting stage on vase life and flower quality of cut Oriental lily cv. Avocado. The results showed that highest vase life (15.83 days) and vase solution uptake (49.17 ml) was recorded with sucrose (2%) + 5-SSA (200ppm), whereas maximum flower diameter (15.17 cm) was recorded in vase solution containing sucrose (2%) + 5-SSA (100ppm). Earliest opening of florets (4.42 days) reported under sucrose (2%) + 5-SSA (200ppm). Effect of treatments was found non-significant in respect to opening of florets. Harvesting at green bud stage exhibited extended vase life (14.33 days) and higher vase solution uptake (40.43 ml), whereas maximum flower diameter (14.25 cm) recorded at 75% colour development stage. Based on the results it is concluded that 5-SSA could be an inexpensive and potential chemical for delaying senescence and for extending the keeping quality of cut liliums commercially