Analytical methods for detection of human cytomegalovirus clinched biosensor a cutting-edge diagnostic tool

Abstract Human cytomegalovirus (HCMV) is a beta herpes-virus, which affects human being as a lifelong infection. HCMV is the prominent cause for the infections of congenital with a 1.0–2.4% incidence of live-births, along with possible severe classic cytomegalovirus. Crucial HCMV infection is usually asymptomatic in healthy hosts but it can cause severe or sometimes fatal illness in immuno-compromised neonates and individuals. Various conventional methods such as PCR, virus isolation, antigenemia test, histological and serological are available for detection of HCMV. Among all the analytical techniques, biosensors clinched as the most advanced technology, which offers many features such as simplicity, inexpensive, highly sensitive, and effective approach. The future of diagnosis will rely on the development of point-of-care devices, which can be used at the site of need, resource-restricted settings, and provides affordability. This review describes various analytical methods for the detection of HCMV emphasizing biosensing methods

Impetus in Fabrication of Biosensors

A biosensor is an element employed for the detection of an analyte by combining a biological component with a physico-chemical detector component. Biological component can be microorganisms, cell receptors, enzymes, antibodies, nucleic acids. The detector works in a physico-chemical way like electrochemical, optical, piezoelectrical, electrochemical or thermal that transforms the signal resulting from the interaction of the analyte with the biological element into another signal that can be easily measured and quantified.</p

Highly sensitive and rapid detection of acetylcholine using an ITO plate modified with platinum-graphene nanoparticles

Determining the concentrations of acetylcholine (ACh) and choline (Ch) is clinically important. ACh is a neurotransmitter that acts as a key link in the communication between neurons in the spinal cord and in nerve skeletal junctions in vertebrates, and plays an important role in transmitting signals in the brain. A bienzymatic sensor for the detection of ACh was prepared by co-immobilizing choline oxidase (ChO) and acetylcholinesterase (AChE) on graphene matrix/platinum nanoparticles, and then electrodepositing them on an ITO-coated glass plate. Graphene nanoparticles were decorated with platinum nanoparticles and were electrodeposited on a modified ITO-coated glass plate to form a modified electrode. The modified electrode was characterized by scanning electron microscopy (SEM), cyclic voltammetry (CV) and electrochemical impedance spectroscopy (EIS) studies. The optimum response of the enzyme electrode was obtained at pH 7.0 and 35 degrees C. The response time of this ACh-sensing system was shown to be 4 s. The linear range of responses to ACh was 0.005-700 mu M. This biosensor exhibits excellent anti-interferential abilities and good stability, retaining 50% of its original current even after 4 months. It has been applied for the detection of ACh levels in human serum samples

Biosensors for phytohormone Abscisic acid and its role in humans: A review

ABA (abscisic acid) is a phytohormone that is important in regulating stress and various pathological conditions in humans. ABA can be ingested exogenously or endogenously, and is naturally produced by stem cells, macrophages, and keratinocytes. ABA mediates immunological reactions such as phagocytosis, chemotaxis, and reactive oxygen species (ROS) production. In humans, LANCL2 serves as an ABA receptor. Depending on the signaling pathway involved, ABA can act as an inflammatory or anti-inflammatory agent. ABA plays a vital role in glucose tolerance, atherosclerosis treatment, prostate cancer dormancy, malaria, type 2 diabetes, and dementia. Various detection methods have been developed to detect ABA, including chromatographic, spectroscopic, and colorimetric assays, as well as high-performance liquid chromatography (HPLC) and mass spectrometry. Biosensors are commonly used to detect analytes in low concentrations. LSPR and FRET sensors are two types of biosensors that have been developed for the detection of ABA. LSPR sensors rely on light interacting with metal nanoparticles to detect analytes, while FRET sensors rely on energy transfer between a donor and acceptor molecule. LSPR sensors offer high sensitivity, label-free detection, and the ability to detect multiple targets simultaneously, while FRET sensors offer high specificity and customizability. Aptamers have recently been used as a substitute for antibodies in biosensors to provide higher sensitivity and lower cost. This review focuses on the role of ABA and the various biosensors used to detect it in the treatment of various diseases in mammals

Expression of Heat Shock Protein 70 Gene and Its Correlation with Inflammatory Markers in Essential Hypertension.

OBJECTIVES:Hypertension is characterized by systemic high blood pressure and is the most common and important risk factor for the development of cardiovascular diseases. Studies have shown that the circulating levels of certain inflammatory markers such as tumor necrosis factor-alpha (TNF-alpha), interlukin-6 (IL-6), c-reactive protein (CRP), and tumor suppressor protein-53 (p53) are upregulated and are independently associated with essential hypertension. However, mechanism of increase in the levels of HSP70 protein is not clear. No such studies are reported in the blood circulation of patients with essential hypertension. In the present study, we investigated the expression of circulating HSP70 at mRNA and protein levels and its relationship with other inflammatory markers in patients with essential hypertension. MATERIALS AND METHODS:We recruited 132 patients with essential hypertension and 132 normal controls from similar socio-economic-geographical background. The expression of HSP70 at mRNA levels was determined by Real Time PCR and at protein levels by indirect Elisa and Western Blot techniques. RESULTS:We found a significantly higher expression of HSP70 gene expression (approximately 6.45 fold, P < 0.0001) in hypertensive patients as compared to healthy controls. A significant difference (P < 0.0001) in the protein expression of HSP70 was also observed in plasma of patients as compared to that of controls. CONCLUSION:Higher expression of HSP70 is positively correlated with inflammatory markers in patients with essential hypertension and this correlation could play an important role in essential hypertension

Impetus in Fabrication of Biosensors

A biosensor is an element employed for the detection of an analyte by combining a biological component with a physico-chemical detector component. Biological component can be microorganisms, cell receptors, enzymes, antibodies, nucleic acids. The detector works in a physico-chemical way like electrochemical, optical, piezoelectrical, electrochemical or thermal that transforms the signal resulting from the interaction of the analyte with the biological element into another signal that can be easily measured and quantified

State of the Art in Smart Portable, Wearable, Ingestible and Implantable Devices for Health Status Monitoring and Disease Management

Several illnesses that are chronic and acute are becoming more relevant as the world&rsquo;s aging population expands, and the medical sector is transforming rapidly, as a consequence of which the need for &ldquo;point-of-care&rdquo; (POC), identification/detection, and real time management of health issues that have been required for a long time are increasing. Biomarkers are biological markers that help to detect status of health or disease. Biosensors&rsquo; applications are for screening for early detection, chronic disease treatment, health management, and well-being surveillance. Smart devices that allow continual monitoring of vital biomarkers for physiological health monitoring, medical diagnosis, and assessment are becoming increasingly widespread in a variety of applications, ranging from biomedical to healthcare systems of surveillance and monitoring. The term &ldquo;smart&rdquo; is used due to the ability of these devices to extract data with intelligence and in real time. Wearable, implantable, ingestible, and portable devices can all be considered smart devices; this is due to their ability of smart interpretation of data, through their smart sensors or biosensors and indicators. Wearable and portable devices have progressed more and more in the shape of various accessories, integrated clothes, and body attachments and inserts. Moreover, implantable and ingestible devices allow for the medical diagnosis and treatment of patients using tiny sensors and biomedical gadgets or devices have become available, thus increasing the quality and efficacy of medical treatments by a significant margin. This article summarizes the state of the art in portable, wearable, ingestible, and implantable devices for health status monitoring and disease management and their possible applications. It also identifies some new technologies that have the potential to contribute to the development of personalized care. Further, these devices are non-invasive in nature, providing information with accuracy and in given time, thus making these devices important for the future use of humanity

Wearable cassette for paper-based aptasensor designed to detection of illicit drug; ketamine- a wearable cassette prototype comparison study

The advent of 3D printing technology has spurred innovation, particularly in healthcare and biosensing. One notable application is the creation of wearable biosensors for detecting substances like ketamine, a potent anesthetic and pain reliever with medical and recreational uses. Monitoring ketamine levels is crucial due to potential misuse and health risks. Utilizing 3D printing, manufacturers can produce intricate and customizable wearable biosensors designed for ketamine detection. This flexibility permits the incorporation of various sensor types, enhancing accuracy. Traditional detection methods are often cumbersome, making 3D printing a transformative tool for real-time monitoring. The application of 3D printing in wearable biosensors has the potential to revolutionize personalized healthcare, ensuring the safe and effective usage of ketamine. In this paper 3D printed paper-based wearable aptamer cassette (3DP-PWC) has been developed by immobilizing Ketamine Aptamer on ZnO-NPs electrodes. Electrochemical techniques such as cyclic voltammetry (CV), linear sweep voltammetry (LSV) and electrochemical impedance spectroscopy (EIS) were employed for validating results. The sensor’s versatility was demonstrated across beverages encompassing both alcoholic and non-alcoholic options. Two prototypes—a bracelet and a pendant—were developed and compared, showing promising results. Here, we reported a 3D-printing paper based wearable aptasensor for the ketamine detection. This pioneering developed sensor showed a low limit detection (LOD) of 0.01 μg/mL (lower than the physiological detection threshold 0.084 μg/mL) with linear-range was between 0.01 and 5 μmL and an optimal response time of 25 s