アルツハイマー病の血液診断法の開発に関する研究

平成13年度-平成14年度科学研究費補助金(基盤研究(C)(2))研究成果報告書,課題番号.1367062

Characteristics of Respiratory Diseases in Older People

Abstract: Pneumonia among old people is the fourth leading cause of death, and its mortality has remained the same for the last 100 years despite development of antibiotics. We have elucidated the onset mechanism of pneumonia among old people and developed methods for its prevention. Its primary cause is considered to be cerebrovascular disorders in the basal ganglia, and absence of substance P causes sub-clinical aspiration, which in turn causes pneumonia. Prevention of pneumonia is now possible without the use of antibiotics by increasing substance P. As old people are immune-compromised by depressed state, measures against depression are important for preventing infections such as pneumonia and common cold. The older the patient is, the more intense the effect of gene appears. It was shown that elderly persons with L polymorphism of heme oxygenase (HO)-1 gene are more susceptible to pulmonary emphysema. Systemic examination of the elderly, particularly their physiological characteristic, is essential for treatment of elderly persons with respiratory diseases

Systemic infections after acute stroke

After an acute stroke, systemic infection can complicate the recovery process and lead to a worse clinical outcome, including a higher risk of mortality. Post-stroke infection (PSI) is responsible for the majority of the mortality occurring between 1 week and 1 month after stroke, peaking towards the end of the second week. The effects of PSI on longer-term outcome and other aspects of recovery, such as cognition, mood and quality of life, are largely unknown. The cerebrovascular event itself may result in a systemic immunosuppressed state, hence lowering the threshold for subsequent systemic bacterial infections. Although there have been advances in the basic understanding of the pathophysiological mechanisms of PSI, clinical studies have not provided any clear guidelines on the best methods of managing or preventing PSI. This article provides a review of the current knowledge of the phenomenon of PSI and the possible future developments in the understanding and treatment of PSI

嚥下改善薬を投与することによる嚥下関連筋支配神経の影響

昭和大学博士(歯学)2018年

Risk of pneumonia associated with use of angiotensin converting enzyme inhibitors and angiotensin receptor blockers : systematic review and meta-analysis

This is an open-access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution Non-commercial License, which permits use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original work is properly cited, the use is non commercial and is otherwise in compliance with the license. See: http://creativecommons.org/licenses/bync/2.0/ and http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc/2.0/legalcode.OBJECTIVE: To systematically review longitudinal studies evaluating use of angiotensin converting enzyme (ACE) inhibitors or angiotensin receptor blockers (ARBs) and risk of pneumonia. DESIGN: Systematic review and meta-analysis. DATA SOURCES: Medline through PubMed, Web of Science with conference proceedings (inception to June 2011), and US Food and Drug Administration website (June 2011). Systematic reviews and references of retrieved articles were also searched. STUDY SELECTION: Two reviewers independently selected randomised controlled trials and cohort and case-control studies evaluating the use of ACE inhibitors or ARBs and risk of pneumonia and retrieved characteristics of the studies and data estimates. DATA SYNTHESIS: The primary outcome was incidence of pneumonia and the secondary outcome was pneumonia related mortality. Subgroup analyses were carried according to baseline morbidities (stroke, heart failure, and chronic kidney disease) and patients' characteristics (Asian and non-Asian). Pooled estimates of odds ratios and 95% confidence intervals were derived by random effects meta-analysis. Adjusted frequentist indirect comparisons between ACE inhibitors and ARBs were estimated and combined with direct evidence whenever available. Heterogeneity was assessed using the I(2) test. RESULTS: 37 eligible studies were included. ACE inhibitors were associated with a significantly reduced risk of pneumonia compared with control treatment (19 studies: odds ratio 0.66, 95% confidence interval 0.55 to 0.80; I(2) = 79%) and ARBs (combined direct and indirect odds ratio estimate 0.69, 0.56 to 0.85). In patients with stroke, the risk of pneumonia was also lower in those treated with ACE inhibitors compared with control treatment (odds ratio 0.46, 0.34 to 0.62) and ARBs (0.42, 0.22 to 0.80). ACE inhibitors were associated with a significantly reduced risk of pneumonia among Asian patients (0.43, 0.34 to 0.54) compared with non-Asian patients (0.82, 0.67 to 1.00; P<0.001). Compared with control treatments, both ACE inhibitors (seven studies: odds ratio 0.73, 0.58 to 0.92; I(2)=51%) and ARBs (one randomised controlled trial: 0.63, 0.40 to 1.00) were associated with a decrease in pneumonia related mortality, without differences between interventions. CONCLUSIONS: The best evidence available points towards a putative protective role of ACE inhibitors but not ARBs in risk of pneumonia. Patient populations that may benefit most are those with previous stroke and Asian patients. ACE inhibitors were also associated with a decrease in pneumonia related mortality, but the data lacked strength.info:eu-repo/semantics/publishedVersio