Association of retinopathy and intima media thickness of common carotid artery in type 2 diabetic patients

Background: This study was carried out in order to evaluate the relationship between retinopathy and carotid intima-media thickness (CIMT). Materials and Methods: In a cross-sectional study, 154 diabetic patients who had a history of diabetic disease were evaluated in two equal groups of 77 patients with and without retinopathy, respectively. CIMT was evaluated in all of the patients. Results: Mean age of the patients was 59.65 +/- 9.37 years. Mean CIMT of all patients was 0.84 +/- 0.18. CIMT of patients with retinopathy was significantly greater than patients without retinopathy (P < 0.001). CIMT also correlated with age, duration of diabetes, systolic blood pressure, blood urea nitrogen, and serum creatinine. Conclusion: CIMT may be used as a simple, available and noninvasive method for screening of macro and microvascular complication of diabetic patients

Comparison of Peripapillary Retinal Nerve Fiber Layer Thickness in Patients with MS and Normal Population

Purpose: To compare peripapillary retinal nerve fiber layer thickness (RNFLT) between patients with multiple sclerosis (MS) and healthy controls using optical coherence tomography (OCT).  Patients and Methods: In this prospective case control study, peripapillary RNFLT of 120 eyes from 60 patients with multiple sclerosis (MS)  was compared to 120 eyes from 60 age and sex matched healthy controls using OCT.  The RNFLT in 4 peripapillary quadrants and the mean RNFLT of all four quadrants were compared between the case and control groups. The relation between MS variables such as age of onset, type and duration of disease, history of optic neuritis (ON) and other non-ocular episodes with RNFLT was evaluated in the case group. Results: The mean RNFLT of all four quarters was significantly lower in patients with MS compared to the controls (P &lt; 0.001). Also RNFLT was significantly lower in each of 4 quadrants (superior, temporal, inferior; P &lt; 0.001, nasal P = 0.003). There was no significant relation between RNFLT, the age of onset of MS disease, and history of non-ocular episodes. RNFLT had a significant relation with duration of the disease (P &lt; 0.001), the type of MS (P &lt; 0.001), history of ON (P = 0.002), and the number of ON episodes (P = 0.021). Conclusion: We found that RNFLT decreases in MS patients and its reduction is related to the duration and type of disease as well as history and number of ON episodes. Therefore measuring RNFLT may help in estimating the progress of MS and can potentially be included as a part of patients’ follow up protocol.Keywords: Multiple sclerosis;  Tomography; Optical Coherence;;Optic Neuritis; Retinal; Nerve Fibers

Chromosome numbers and karyotype features of Phlomis olivieri Benth. (Lamiaceae) from Iran

Chromosome numbers were determined in ten accessions of Phlomis olivieri Benth. (Lamiaceae). The seeds were collected from natural habitats in the west of Iran. Chromosome numbers of all accessions were 2n=2x=20. The chromosomes of accessions were metacentric or submetacentric, ranging in length from 2.66 to 8.604 μm. According to the average values of ten accessions, the karyotype of this species consists of 10 pairs of metacentric chromosomes. An ideogram was depicted for the species. This is the first report on the chromosome number and karyotype analysis of P. olivieri from Iran

A major hydrobiological change in Dasht-e Arjan Wetland (SW Iran) during the late glacial-early Holocene transition revealed by subfossil chironomids

The late glacial-early Holocene transition is a key period in the Earth’s history. However, although this transition is well studied in Europe, it is not well constrained in the Middle East and palaeohydrological records with robust chronologies remain scarce from this region. Here we present an interesting hydrobiological record showing a major environmental change occurring in the Dasht-e Arjan Wetland (SW Iran, near to Persepolis) during the late glacial-early Holocene transition (ca. 11,650 years cal BP). We use subfossil chironomids (Insecta: Diptera) as a proxy for hydrological changes and to reconstruct lake-level fluctuations. The Arjan wetland was a deep lake during the Younger Dryas (YD) marked by a dominance of Chironomus plumosus/anthracinus-type, taxa adapted to anoxic conditions of deep waters. At the beginning of the Holocene a drastic decrease (more than 80% to less than 10%) of Chironomus plumosus/anthracinus-type, combined with diversification of littoral taxa such as Polypedilum nubeculosum-type, Dicrotendipes nervosus-type and Glyptotendipes pallens-type suggest a lake-level decrease and a more vegetalized aquatic environment. We compare and contrast the chironomid record of Arjan with a similar record from northwestern Iran. The palaeoclimatic significance of the record, at a local and regional scale, is subsequently discussed. The increase in northern hemisphere temperatures, inferred by geochemical data from NGRIP, at the beginning of the Holocene best explains the change from the YD highstand to early Holocene lowstand conditions in the Dasht-e Arjan wetland. However, a contribution of the melt-water inflow from small local glaciers in the catchment basin is not excluded

Gene-Set Enrichment Analysis for Identifying Genes and Biological Activities Associated with Growth Traits in Dromedaries

Simple Summary This project aimed to find biological themes affecting growth in dromedaries. Candidate SNPs associated with growth were mapped to 22 genes, and 25 significant themes were identified related to growth. The main biological functions included calcium ion binding, protein binding, DNA-binding transcription factor activity, protein kinase activity, tropomyosin binding, myosin complex, actin-binding, ATP binding, receptor signaling pathway via JAK-STAT, and cytokine activity. EFCAB5, MTIF2, MYO3A, TBX15, IFNL3, PREX1, and TMOD3 genes are candidates for improving growth in camel breeding programs. Growth is an important heritable economic trait for dromedaries and necessary for planning a successful breeding program. Until now, genome-wide association studies (GWAS) and QTL-mapping have identified significant single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) associated with growth in domestic animals, but in dromedaries, the number of studies is very low. This project aimed to find biological themes affecting growth in dromedaries. In the first step, 99 candidate SNPs were chosen from a previously established set of SNPs associated with body weight, gain, and birth weight in Iranian dromedaries. Next, 0.5 kb upstream and downstream of each candidate SNP were selected from NCBI (assembly accession: GCA_000803125.3). The annotation of fragments with candidate SNPs regarding the reference genome was retrieved using the Blast2GO tool. Candidate SNPs associated with growth were mapped to 22 genes, and 25 significant biological themes were identified to be related to growth in dromedaries. The main biological functions included calcium ion binding, protein binding, DNA-binding transcription factor activity, protein kinase activity, tropomyosin binding, myosin complex, actin-binding, ATP binding, receptor signaling pathway via JAK-STAT, and cytokine activity. EFCAB5, MTIF2, MYO3A, TBX15, IFNL3, PREX1, and TMOD3 genes are candidates for improving growth in camel breeding programs

The First Record of Raccoon Dog (Nyctereutes Procyonoides) in Turkey

The raccoon dog (Nyctereutes procyonoides) was recorded for the first time in Turkey on May 10, 2019, and June 5, 2019, in the same location after 4668 nights of camera trapping in the forests of the Sarıkamış region and Allahuekber Mountains in eastern Turkey. It was recorded in a Scots pine (Pinus sylvestris) forest at 2340 m above sea level with extensive snow cover. Given that the nearest known population is in the forests of Georgia approximately 105 km away, there may already be a viable population in Turkey. As an omnivorous species with a high adaptive ability and high reproductive potential, the raccoon dog has strong dispersal capability. It is considered an invasive species in Europe and there are some ongoing eradication activities in several countries. Therefore, we strongly advise that the raccoon dog in Turkey be evaluated as an invasive species and that the relevant authorities conduct extensive research and any necessary management, especially where the habitat and local climate are more favorable for the species’ reproduction and range expansion

Genomic prediction for growth using a low-density SNP panel in dromedary camels

For thousands of years, camels have produced meat, milk, and fiber in harsh desert conditions. For a sustainable development to provide protein resources from desert areas, it is necessary to pay attention to genetic improvement in camel breeding. By using genotyping-by-sequencing (GBS) method we produced over 14,500 genome wide markers to conduct a genome- wide association study (GWAS) for investigating the birth weight, daily gain, and body weight of 96 dromedaries in the Iranian central desert. A total of 99 SNPs were associated with birth weight, daily gain, and body weight (p-value \u3c 0.002). Genomic breeding values (GEBVs) were estimated with the BGLR package using (i) all 14,522 SNPs and (ii) the 99 SNPs by GWAS. Twenty-eight SNPs were associated with birth weight, daily gain, and body weight (p-value \u3c 0.001). Annotation of the genomic region (s) within ± 100 kb of the associated SNPs facilitated prediction of 36 candidate genes. The accuracy of GEBVs was more than 0.65 based on all 14,522 SNPs, but the regression coefficients for birth weight, daily gain, and body weight were 0.39, 0.20, and 0.23, respectively. Because of low sample size, the GEBVs were predicted using the associated SNPs from GWAS. The accuracy of GEBVs based on the 99 associated SNPs was 0.62, 0.82, and 0.57 for birth weight, daily gain, and body weight. This report is the first GWAS using GBS on dromedary camels and identifies markers associated with growth traits that could help to plan breeding program to genetic improvement. Further researches using larger sample size and collaboration of the camel farmers and more profound understanding will permit verification of the associated SNPs identified in this project. The preliminary results of study show that genomic selection could be the appropriate way to genetic improvement of body weight in dromedary camels, which is challenging due to a long generation interval, seasonal reproduction, and lack of records and pedigrees

Genomic prediction for growth using a low-density SNP panel in dromedary camels

For thousands of years, camels have produced meat, milk, and fiber in harsh desert conditions. For a sustainable development to provide protein resources from desert areas, it is necessary to pay attention to genetic improvement in camel breeding. By using genotyping-by-sequencing (GBS) method we produced over 14,500 genome wide markers to conduct a genome- wide association study (GWAS) for investigating the birth weight, daily gain, and body weight of 96 dromedaries in the Iranian central desert. A total of 99 SNPs were associated with birth weight, daily gain, and body weight (p-value \u3c 0.002). Genomic breeding values (GEBVs) were estimated with the BGLR package using (i) all 14,522 SNPs and (ii) the 99 SNPs by GWAS. Twenty-eight SNPs were associated with birth weight, daily gain, and body weight (p-value \u3c 0.001). Annotation of the genomic region (s) within ± 100 kb of the associated SNPs facilitated prediction of 36 candidate genes. The accuracy of GEBVs was more than 0.65 based on all 14,522 SNPs, but the regression coefficients for birth weight, daily gain, and body weight were 0.39, 0.20, and 0.23, respectively. Because of low sample size, the GEBVs were predicted using the associated SNPs from GWAS. The accuracy of GEBVs based on the 99 associated SNPs was 0.62, 0.82, and 0.57 for birth weight, daily gain, and body weight. This report is the first GWAS using GBS on dromedary camels and identifies markers associated with growth traits that could help to plan breeding program to genetic improvement. Further researches using larger sample size and collaboration of the camel farmers and more profound understanding will permit verification of the associated SNPs identified in this project. The preliminary results of study show that genomic selection could be the appropriate way to genetic improvement of body weight in dromedary camels, which is challenging due to a long generation interval, seasonal reproduction, and lack of records and pedigrees

Early Sasanian landscape modification: New geoarchaeological evidence from the Ardashir Pond in southwest Iran (Palace of Ardashir, third century CE)

The Sasanian period (224–651 CE) marked an era of large‐scale urban projects insouthwest Asia, including Iran's semi‐arid highlands, with particular efforts to ma-nipulate water bodies. This study presents a recent interdisciplinary investigation ofa spring‐fed pond at the entrance of the Palace of Ardashir (Firuzabad plain,southwest Iran), part of a recently registered World Heritage site. Historical ac-counts suggest that the entire water system of the plain, including the pond, un-derwent a hydraulic re‐organization at the beginning of the Sasanian period, a factthat has never been investigated geoarchaeologically. A series of sediment coreswere retrieved from the pond to probe its evolution and examine the extent of itslandscape modification. The cores were sedimentologically described andradiocarbon‐dated with age–depth models established based on 57 AMS (accel-erator mass spectrometry)14C dates to understand the basin's depositional history.The results indicate that (i) Ardashir Pond has existed as part of a larger wetlandcomplex since at least 4500 years ago, (ii) it was substantially enlarged at the be-ginning of the Sasanian era, and (iii) it was abandoned at the end of the Sasanianperiod. The Ardashir Pond is one of the first geoarchaeologically investigated casestudies to demonstrate the Sasanian landscape in the framework of the“Iranshahr”sociopolitical concept

Estimating global injuries morbidity and mortality : methods and data used in the Global Burden of Disease 2017 study

Background: While there is a long history of measuring death and disability from injuries, modern research methods must account for the wide spectrum of disability that can occur in an injury, and must provide estimates with sufficient demographic, geographical and temporal detail to be useful for policy makers. The Global Burden of Disease (GBD) 2017 study used methods to provide highly detailed estimates of global injury burden that meet these criteria. Methods: In this study, we report and discuss the methods used in GBD 2017 for injury morbidity and mortality burden estimation. In summary, these methods included estimating cause-specific mortality for every cause of injury, and then estimating incidence for every cause of injury. Non-fatal disability for each cause is then calculated based on the probabilities of suffering from different types of bodily injury experienced. Results: GBD 2017 produced morbidity and mortality estimates for 38 causes of injury. Estimates were produced in terms of incidence, prevalence, years lived with disability, cause-specific mortality, years of life lost and disability-adjusted life-years for a 28-year period for 22 age groups, 195 countries and both sexes. Conclusions: GBD 2017 demonstrated a complex and sophisticated series of analytical steps using the largest known database of morbidity and mortality data on injuries. GBD 2017 results should be used to help inform injury prevention policy making and resource allocation. We also identify important avenues for improving injury burden estimation in the future