Prevalence of Age-Related Macular Degeneration in Europe: The Past and the Future

Purpose Age-related macular degeneration (AMD) is a frequent, complex disorder in elderly of European ancestry. Risk profiles and treatment options have changed considerably over the years, which may have affected disease prevalence and outcome. We determined the prevalence of early and late AMD in Europe from 1990 to 2013 using the European Eye Epidemiology (E3) consortium, and made projections for the future. Design Meta-analysis of prevalence data. Participants A total of 42 080 individuals 40 years of age and older participating in 14 population-based cohorts from 10 countries in Europe. Methods AMD was diagnosed based on fundus photographs using the Rotterdam Classification. Prevalence of early and late AMD was calculated using random-effects meta-analysis stratified for age, birth cohort, gender, geographic region, and time period of the study. Best-corrected visual acuity (BCVA) was compared between late AMD subtypes; geographic atrophy (GA) and choroidal neovascularization (CNV). Main Outcome Measures Prevalence of early and late AMD, BCVA, and number of AMD cases. Results Prevalence of early AMD increased from 3.5% (95% confidence interval [CI] 2.1%–5.0%) in those aged 55–59 years to 17.6% (95%

Implicações da interação genótipos x ambientes sobre ganhos com a seleção em meloeiro Implications of genotype x environment interaction on the gain with melon selection

O objetivo do presente trabalho foi estudar o efeito da interação genótipos por ambientes sobre a avaliação de famílias de meloeiro. Foram avaliadas 144 famílias na geração S6, em quatro municípios, Mossoró, Baraúna, Assu e Alto do Rodrigues, em um látice simples 12x12. As características avaliadas foram: produtividade, peso médio do fruto, proporção da cavidade interna, espessura da polpa, firmeza da polpa e teor de sólidos solúveis. Constatou-se efeito significativo de famílias nos quatro ambientes de avaliação e na análise conjunta para todas as características. A interação famílias x locais foi acentuada, sendo a estimativa do componente de variância da interação superior àquele da variância genética entre famílias. Ocorreu superioridade na contribuição da parte complexa em relação à simples da interação para todas as características. A interação famílias x ambientes teve reflexo na seleção, pois a resposta correlacionada pela seleção em um ambiente e ganho em outro sempre foi inferior ao ganho da seleção direta. As estimativas de coeficiente de variação genética e variância genética entre famílias foram superestimadas pelo componente da interação famílias x locais, sendo necessárias avaliações em ambientes diferentes. A seleção com base no comportamento médio das famílias foi eficiente, pois proporcionou maiores ganhos de seleção do que aqueles obtidos com base na seleção no ambiente individual.<br>The objective of this research was to study the genotype x environment effect on the selection of melon families. It was evaluated 144 melon families at four sites of Rio Grande do Norte State, Brazil. The experiments were carried out in a design of simple lattice 12x12 in Mossoró, Baraúna, Assu and Alto do Rodrigues sites. The traits assessing were yield, average of weight fruit, intern cavity proportion, pulp thickness, pulp firmness and content solids soluble. It was observed effect of families in all sites and the join analysis for all traits. The family x site interaction was high and the estimation of the interaction variance component was higher than the genetic variance among families. The complex interaction was higher than the simple one. The family x site interaction reflected in the selection, as the correlated response to selection in one environment observed in another was always lower than the gain of direct selection. The estimates of the genetic variation coefficient and genetic variance were overestimated by family x site interaction, consequently, the evaluation should be carried out in different sites. The selection based on the mean over sites was effectiveness because the genetic expected that gains were more expressive than gains based in the individual environment