An Origin-Destination Matrix Estimate for Baghdad City Based on GIS

Baghdad suffers a deficiency in the application of urban transportation planning process, especially in selecting the suitable transport policies to solve transportation problems. One of the important inputs to the transportation planning process is the Origin – Destination Matrix. The O-D matrix is the travel demand between the pair of origin and destination zones and is one of the necessary goals of transportation studies. Estimation of an O-D matrix using the conventional process requires the collection of a huge amount of data. In Baghdad city, there has been no O-D matrix formulated. Accordingly, a prior O-D matrix is estimated in this study. The present research methodology is based on the estimated O-D matrix for Baghdad city in 1987 (prior matrix) and then updated to 2014 using the collected traffic count data as the basis for travel forecasting. The results of this study provide a guide to the local transportation agencies to select the right transport policies, maximize their revenue and better allocate their resources

PREDICTION ORIGIN-DESTINATION MATRIX Of FREIGHT TRAVEL DEMAND IN BAGHDAD CITY

Efficient freight transportation systems typically reduce the cost of moving goods to and from logistics facilities. The demand matrix (O-D) is used to load or allocate the flow of traffic on a network, usually defined as a matrix that detects the number of trips. The objective of this study is to contribute to road freight modeling in Baghdad in general and estimate the O-D matrix for truck traffic using the freight transport data collected. Freight data was collected through roadside and interview surveys at the seven entrances of Baghdad city. In addition, the analysis was performed using Trans CAD ver. 4.5 software. The results provide an analysis of the freight travel demand. The output of this study is useful for decision-makers in the evaluation and execution of freight transportation activities and aids the application of correct decisions

A GIS- ASSISTED PREDICTION TRAVEL DEMAND ON METRO NETWORK (BAGHDAD CASE STUDY)

Baghdad Governorate is the most populated area in Iraq. It is experiencing rapid urbanization, economic growth, and motorization. The rapid increase in use private cars produced an increase in the traffic congestion, accidents, inadequate parking space and air pollution. Accordingly, it is important to investigate the need for a new transport policies and transportation projects based on Travel demand modeling. The present research methodology is based on update O-D matrix for Baghdad city and using it in travel forecasting to evaluate proposed urban mass rail services. In this study, three metro alternative routes were suggested, and according to demand estimation results, the best route will selected to meet future travel demand. It is concluded, peak hour ridership on proposed metro routes in the year 2014 is found to be 30000 passengers per hour per direction and the peak hour ridership on metro routes in the year 2035 reached 50000 passengers per hour per direction. On the other hand, it is concluded that travel demand on alternative route 1 equal 200000 and 400000 trips per day in two directions, while, load on alternative route 2 equal 360000 and 720000 trips per day in 2014 and 2035 respectively. It is concluded that, route alternative 2 and 1 recommended to be adopted to meet the travel demand requirements for the year 2035. The results of this study will provide the guide to the local transportation agencies to select the right decision, maximize their revenue and better allocate their resources

INVESTIGATE PERFORMANCE OF POLYMER MODIFIED ASPHALT MIXTURES

: In recent years, traffic loads have increased, and the sizes and loads of vehicles have become greater, thereby affecting the performance of asphalt pavements. Modified bituminous materials assist to add benefits to performance, maintenance and construction, in terms of better and longer lasting road, and saving in total road life cost. This study attempts to identify the influence of polymer modification in improving asphalt mixture performance. Three types of polymer resins were used, namely, Epoxy resin, Phenol resin, and Polyester resin. The physical properties of asphalt cement were tested by penetration and softening point. Apart from mix performance, the effect of modification on Marshall properties was studied. To estimate the tensile strength and evaluate the mixture’s susceptibility to temperature variations, three test temperatures were used (15, 30, and 45°C). Furthermore, modified mixtures were tested by measurement of static creep. Based on the study results, it was found that increasing the phenol or epoxy resin quantities in asphalt cement lead to an increase softening point and reduce penetration. Material properties can be improved by the incorporation of phenol and polyester resins, since recovery property can be improved. Moreover, using phenol resin in asphalt mixes can increase the resistance to deformation when exposed to traffic loading

Investigation of Using Polymers to Improve Asphalt Pavement Performance

As the traffic volume becomes greater in recent years, the performance of asphalt pavement has decreased. Modified bituminous materials can increase performance and reduce highway maintenance. The goal of this study is to investigate  the influence of polymer modification for improving pavement performance. A detailed laboratory study is carried out by preparing modified asphalt mixtures specimens using (40-50) grade asphalt from dourah refinery. A comparative study of laboratory performance of application of three polymer types: Polyvinyl chloride (PVC), Phenol resin, and Polystyrene Polymer in asphalt paving mixtures is investigated. These modified asphalt mixtures were prepared with asphalt cement previously modified by using three percent of polymer (2,4and 6%) by weight of asphalt. To evaluate mix performance, effect of  polymer modification was studied by performing indirect tensile strength and retained stability test. In order to evaluate the mixture behavior due to temperature change, two different testing temperatures are used (25,45C?). From the results of this study, it is concluded that with the incorporation of low percentage of polystyrene polymer  tensile strength increase, therefore polystyrene modified asphalt mixtures can be used in cold climate conditions. In addition, it can indicate, that using phenol resin in modified asphalt mixes will increase strength and resistance to deformation, then it can be used in hot climate conditions. The results of the present study indicated that the modified mixtures exhibited improved performance when the polymer was used.

A GIs Based Weight of Evidence for Prediction Urban Growth of Baghdad City by Using Remote Sensing Data

The rapid growth of Baghdad city has an adverse effect on the environment; therefore, it is crucial to have a well-concerted plan for urban expansion. This paper presents the problem of urban growth in Baghdad city; hence, it is develop a methodology that combines remote sensing data and GIS with Weight of evidence to estimate the occurrence spatial distribution of urban extent. Accordingly, the required data for the proposed model building were identified by using satellite imagery of Landsat MSS/TM/ETM for years, 1976, 1990 and 2000 respectively. The satellite imagery is utilized for geometric correction, supervised and unsupervised classification, accuracy assessment, derivation of change detection and urban growth modeling. Three factors were considered in model building of urban growth in weight of evidence: environmental, social and economical factors. Geodatabase was digitized in ArcGIS and combined to develop statistical models relating land use to population density, distance from the center of the city, distance from highway, river and slope of study area. The work emphasizes spatial relationships between various geographic, land-use, and demographic variables to predict future urban extent. Based on the urban growth model in GIS, results show: the urban area in Baghdad is increased rapidly; the result of the work shows a rapid growth in built-up land between 1976 and 1990 from 100 km2 to 380 km2 and from 452 km2 in 2000 to 610 km2 in 2015. Finally, the case study demonstrated that GIS based weight of evidence is recognized to be used as a useful tool for prediction of urban growth by considering saving of money, time and effort

Performance of Chemical WMA Mixtures – A review

In recent years, a new approach called WMA technology is developed, which include reduces binder viscosity and accordinglyallows lower temperatures for mixing and compaction. This technology gives several benefits, such as reduce emission, less odor,and energy saving. This study gives a comprehensive review on the use of WMA with chemical technology. In addition, give anintroduction to use chemical additives into the bitumen, in order to understand the application of these additives, the problems,benefits and how they act are reviewed