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Not AvailableSugarcane dry trash, available to the tune of 7 million tonne, is a part of sugarcane tops and is a major byproduct of the sugarcane industry which is left in the field after cane harvest. The dry fodder can be utilized as dry fodder source after chaffing in to small pieces in the place of paddy or any other straw. The dry fodder can be mixed with other seasonal green fodder and concentrate in the total mixed ration. Depending upon level of milk production, not more than 3 to 5 kg dry trash can be mixed with varying amounts of green fodder and concentrate in the form of total mixed ration for feeding cattle.Not Availabl

Genome-wide transcriptional profiling of appressorium development by the rice blast fungus Magnaporthe oryzae.

addresses: College of Life and Environmental Sciences, University of Exeter, Exeter, United Kingdom.notes: PMCID: PMC3276559The rice blast fungus Magnaporthe oryzae is one of the most significant pathogens affecting global food security. To cause rice blast disease the fungus elaborates a specialised infection structure called an appressorium. Here, we report genome wide transcriptional profile analysis of appressorium development using next generation sequencing (NGS). We performed both RNA-Seq and High-Throughput SuperSAGE analysis to compare the utility of these procedures for identifying differential gene expression in M. oryzae. We then analysed global patterns of gene expression during appressorium development. We show evidence for large-scale gene expression changes, highlighting the role of autophagy, lipid metabolism and melanin biosynthesis in appressorium differentiation. We reveal the role of the Pmk1 MAP kinase as a key global regulator of appressorium-associated gene expression. We also provide evidence for differential expression of transporter-encoding gene families and specific high level expression of genes involved in quinate uptake and utilization, consistent with pathogen-mediated perturbation of host metabolism during plant infection. When considered together, these data provide a comprehensive high-resolution analysis of gene expression changes associated with cellular differentiation that will provide a key resource for understanding the biology of rice blast disease

Endophytic fungi from the roots of horseradish (Armoracia rusticana) and their interactions with the defensive metabolites of the glucosinolate myrosinase – isothiocyanate system

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Deep sequencing reveals the complex and coordinated transcriptional regulation of genes related to grain quality in rice cultivars

<p>Abstract</p> <p>Background</p> <p>Milling yield and eating quality are two important grain quality traits in rice. To identify the genes involved in these two traits, we performed a deep transcriptional analysis of developing seeds using both massively parallel signature sequencing (MPSS) and sequencing-by-synthesis (SBS). Five MPSS and five SBS libraries were constructed from 6-day-old developing seeds of Cypress (high milling yield), LaGrue (low milling yield), Ilpumbyeo (high eating quality), YR15965 (low eating quality), and Nipponbare (control).</p> <p>Results</p> <p>The transcriptomes revealed by MPSS and SBS had a high correlation co-efficient (0.81 to 0.90), and about 70% of the transcripts were commonly identified in both types of the libraries. SBS, however, identified 30% more transcripts than MPSS. Among the highly expressed genes in Cypress and Ilpumbyeo, over 100 conserved <it>cis </it>regulatory elements were identified. Numerous specifically expressed transcription factor (TF) genes were identified in Cypress (282), LaGrue (312), Ilpumbyeo (363), YR15965 (260), and Nipponbare (357). Many key grain quality-related genes (i.e., genes involved in starch metabolism, aspartate amino acid metabolism, storage and allergenic protein synthesis, and seed maturation) that were expressed at high levels underwent alternative splicing and produced antisense transcripts either in Cypress or Ilpumbyeo. Further, a time course RT-PCR analysis confirmed a higher expression level of genes involved in starch metabolism such as those encoding ADP glucose pyrophosphorylase (AGPase) and granule bound starch synthase I (GBSS I) in Cypress than that in LaGrue during early seed development.</p> <p>Conclusion</p> <p>This study represents the most comprehensive analysis of the developing seed transcriptome of rice available to date. Using two high throughput sequencing methods, we identified many differentially expressed genes that may affect milling yield or eating quality in rice. Many of the identified genes are involved in the biosynthesis of starch, aspartate family amino acids, and storage proteins. Some of the differentially expressed genes could be useful for the development of molecular markers if they are located in a known QTL region for milling yield or eating quality in the rice genome. Therefore, our comprehensive and deep survey of the developing seed transcriptome in five rice cultivars has provided a rich genomic resource for further elucidating the molecular basis of grain quality in rice.</p

Lectins: production and practical applications

Lectins are proteins found in a diversity of organisms. They possess the ability to agglutinate erythrocytes with known carbohydrate specificity since they have at least one non-catalytic domain that binds reversibly to specific monosaccharides or oligosaccharides. This articles aims to review the production and practical applications of lectins. Lectins are isolated from their natural sources by chromatographic procedures or produced by recombinant DNA technology. The yields of animal lectins are usually low compared with the yields of plant lectins such as legume lectins. Lectins manifest a diversity of activities including antitumor, immunomodulatory, antifungal, HIV-1 reverse transcriptase inhibitory, and anti-insect activities, which may find practical applications. A small number of lectins demonstrate antibacterial and anti-nematode activities

Double outlet right ventricle, total anomalous venous return, total anomalous hepatic venous drainage and supra mitral ring in a child with Ivemark`s syndrome

Double outlet right ventricle, total anomalous venous return, total anomalous hepatic venous drainage and supra mitral ring with Ivemark syndrome is an unusual combination of cardiac malformations.These complexities of congenital anomalies can pose problem in preoperative diagnosis and surgicalmanagement. We present investigation and surgical management of a three month old child with thesementioned rear combination of anomalies and a brief revive of literature.</p

Unidentate coordination of 2,2′−bipyridine2,2^\prime-bipyridine and 1,10-phenanthroline in a cyclometallated rhodium(III) complex. Evidence from 1Hand13C^1H and ^{13}C NMR spectra

The binuclear cyclometallated complex $[RhCl (\mu -Cl)(bBzlH_2bz)]_2 (bBzlH_2bzH D 1,3-bis(benzimidazolyl)(benzene))$ undergoes a dichloro bridge cleavage reaction with 2,20-bipyridine (bipy) or 1,10-phenanthroline (phen) in the presence of perchlorate to yield a mononuclear complex of the type $RhCl(OClO_3)(bBzlH_2bz)(N-N)(N-N D bipy or phen)$. Surprisingly, the N-heterocycle, bipy or phen, is neither chelating nor bridging bidentate in the complex. Such a monodentate coordination of bipy or phen was detected using two-dimensional 1H–1H correlated and NOE experiments (DQF-COSY and ROESY), $^1H -^{13}C$ single- and multiple-bond correlated two-dimensional NMR experiments (PFG-HSQC and PFG-HMBC) and $^1H$, $^{13}C$ spin-lattice relaxation time measurements. The noncoordination of the pendant nitrogen of the heterocycle bipy or phen is evidenced by the observation of two sets of signals together with the presence of interligand NOEs only between the coordinated part of the heterocycle and the bisbenzimidazole as seen in the corresponding ROESY spectrum. Further, the $^1H$ and $^{13}C$ spin–lattice relaxation times show lower values for the nuclei in the coordinated part of the heterocycle, bipy or phen, than for the uncoordinated parts, supporting the fact that only one of the two nitrogens of the heterocycle has coordinated to the metal and thus behaves as monodentate ligand

Synthesis and NMR spectral assignments of novel nitrogen and sulfur heterocyclic compounds

Synthesis and NMR spectral studies of multidentate N and S heterocycles, 1,3,5-tris(N-methylbenzimidazolyl)benzene, 1,3,5-tris(benzimidazolyl)benzene,1,3,5-tris benzothiazolyl) benzene, 2,2'-bipyridine 3,3'-bis benzothiazolyl)benzene and 1,2,4,5-tetrakis(benzothiazolyl) benzene have been carried out. 2D $^1H-^1H$ PFG-COSY as well as $^1H-^{13}C$ single and multiple bond correlated (2D GRASP-HSQC and GRASP-HMBC) experiments have been employed to characterize the compounds. 1D NOE experiments have been useful in understanding the structure of 1,3,5-tris(N-methylenzimidazolyl)benzene