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Not AvailableSugarcane dry trash, available to the tune of 7 million tonne, is a part of sugarcane tops and is a major byproduct of the sugarcane industry which is left in the field after cane harvest. The dry fodder can be utilized as dry fodder source after chaffing in to small pieces in the place of paddy or any other straw. The dry fodder can be mixed with other seasonal green fodder and concentrate in the total mixed ration. Depending upon level of milk production, not more than 3 to 5 kg dry trash can be mixed with varying amounts of green fodder and concentrate in the form of total mixed ration for feeding cattle.Not Availabl

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Not AvailableMycotoxins are toxic metabolites of different species of fungi naturally occurring in various feed stuff. Two mycotoxins of major significance to livestock production are aflatoxin B1 (AFB1) and ochratoxin A (OTA). They cause pathological lesions in liver and kidney through cell damage, release of free radicals, and lipid peroxidation. Several synthetic and natural antioxidants have been used to ameliorate the toxic effects of these mycotoxins. Vitamins (A, E, C) and provitamins (â - carotene, carotenoids), phenolic compounds, curcuminoids, and sulfur containing compounds (glutathione, methionine) are known to exhibit antioxidant action against AFB1 and OTA. Some of these compounds are also effective in preventing carcinogenesis during mycotoxicosis. There is a need to evaluate the antioxidant potential of these compounds with emphasis on their stability, effective level of inclusion and effect on other biochemical or tissue functions. Ascertaining and confirming the antioxidant properties of cultivable medicinal/aromatic plants would add value to these products and contribute to their commercial viability.Not Availabl

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Not AvailableSome plant materials and chemical compounds were evaluated for their antioxidant capacity under in vitro conditions. Among the plant materials, powder of yucca bark, turmeric and oregano had highest antioxidant capacity (8–10 moles/gm), followed by that of red chilly, clove seed, ginger and cumene seeds (5–7 moles/gm). The coriander leaves, garlic and fenugreek exhibited least antioxidant activity. Among the chemical compounds, sodium sulfite, succinic acid, citric acid and uric acid showed highest antioxidant activity (7–8 moles/gm).Not Availabl

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Areca sheath fodder

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Not AvailableAn experiment was conducted to study the nutritional, biochemical and toxicological response in sheep fed graded levels of aflatoxin B1 (AFB1). Sheep (28) of uniform body weight of 5-6 months of age were distributed equally under 4 groups and fed on 0,250,500 and 1 000 ppb of AFB1 in their diet for 105 days. Feeding of AFB1 at 500 and 1000 ppb significantly reduced the feed intake. The body weight gain was lower in all the aflatoxin fed groups and was more pronounced in 1 000 ppb AFB1 fed group. Total plasma protein and albumin levels were significantly reduced at 100 days of feeding. Calcium and phosphorus contents were also significantly lower in groups fed higher levels of AFB1. Histopathological study showed pronounced tissue alterations in liver, kidney, spleen and lungs characterised by degenerative changes in sheep fed 500 and 1 000 ppb of AFB1 and the changes were mild in group fed 250 ppb of AFB1. It is concluded that the performance of sheep fed 500 and 1 000 ppb of AFB1 was severely depressed and such effects were mild to moderate in sheep fed 250 ppb AFB1. It could be suggested that the tolerance limit of AFB1 in sheep is much below 250 ppbNot Availabl

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Not AvailableThree experimental diets (CP: 20.0%; TDN: 65-67.0%) were fOlIDulated using wheat bran, groundnut cake, yellow maize and calcium carbonate to achieve different levels of Ca and P ratios in the concentrate Inixture, and fed to 3 groups of sheep of 9 in each group for 150 days period. The diet comprised wheat bran and groundnut cake, which is the nonnal feeding practice with small holding livestock farmers, diet 2 additionally contained required quantity of calcium carbonate to increase the Ca level, whereas diet 3 contained similar ingredients with part of wheat bran replaced strategically with yellow maize grain to reduce the P level. Weighed quantity of concentrate mixture was offered to each animal to meet 75% of the protein requirement and ragi straw was offered ad lib. as dry roughage source. The intake of concentrate and straw (DM) was in the ratio of 35: 65 in all the 3 groups. The ratio of Ca and P in three concentrate mixtures was 1 : 5.6, 1 : 2 and 1 : 1 for groups 1, 2 and 3, respectively. However, when the total dry matter intake through both concentrate and ragi straw was taken into account, the Ca : P ratios were 1 : 1.01, 1 : 0.76 and 1 : 0.52 for groups 1, 2 and 3, respectively, which was due to higher proportion of P as compared to Ca in concentrate mixtures and more Ca and less P in ragi straw (Ca : P - I : 0.05). The DM intake did not differ amongst the groups and the nutrient utilization (DM, CP, EE, NDF) was significantly higher in sheep fed concentrate mixture with Ca : P ratio of 1 : 1 (group 3). Providing excess P with low Ca in concentrate mixture (groups 1 and 2 - Ca : P, 1 : 5.6, 1 : 2) resulted in significantly more excretion of P, Mg, Cu, Zn and Co through faeces. The plasma mineral level of P was significantly higher after 150 days of feeding in group 3 fed concentrate mixture having Ca : P ratio of 1 : 1 with a net ratio of 1 : 0.52 in the total DM consumed. The values of other minerals (Ca, Mg, Cu, Zn) did not vary significantly among the groups and the interaction between group and period was also not significant. It was concluded that feeding of concentrate mixture having'more of wheat bran/groundnut cake as practiced under field conditions contributed to higher P intake, resulting in its higher excretion in dung besides affecting the utilization of other nutrients. Decreasing the P level in the concentrate mixture through the addition of other energy source like maize and corresponding increase in Ca level through inclusion of calcium carbonate was found to be advantageous.Not Availabl