Single left coronary artery with origin of right coronary artery from left circumflex: a case report

which permits unrestricted use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original work is properly cited. Background: A 40-years-old female presented with intermittent chest pain and dyspnea on exertion. Case Presentation: Electrocardiography showed sinus rhythm with ST-depression in inferior and lateral leads. Subsequent exercise treadmill testing revealed significant ST-depression in V4–V5 and V6 leads. Coronary angiography later showed a single left coronary artery with right coronary artery arising from left circumflex artery, a rare anomaly of coronary arteries. No atheromatous lesion was seen during angiography. Conclusion: The dignosis of this anomaly is importsnt because the symptoms cannot be differentiated from atherosclerotic coronary artery disease. Case presentation A 40-years-old female was admitted to the hospital with intermittent substernal chest pain and dyspnea. She visited our outpatient clinic because of exacerbation o

Cardiovasc Diabetol

Lower-extremity arterial disease (LEAD) is a major endemic disease with an alarming increased prevalence worldwide. It is a common and severe condition with excess risk of major cardiovascular events and death. It also leads to a high rate of lower-limb adverse events and non-traumatic amputation. The American Diabetes Association recommends a widespread medical history and clinical examination to screen for LEAD. The ankle brachial index (ABI) is the first non-invasive tool recommended to diagnose LEAD although its variable performance in patients with diabetes. The performance of ABI is particularly affected by the presence of peripheral neuropathy, medial arterial calcification, and incompressible arteries. There is no strong evidence today to support an alternative test for LEAD diagnosis in these conditions. The management of LEAD requires a strict control of cardiovascular risk factors including diabetes, hypertension, and dyslipidaemia. The benefit of intensive versus standard glucose control on the risk of LEAD has not been clearly established. Antihypertensive, lipid-lowering, and antiplatelet agents are obviously worthfull to reduce major cardiovascular adverse events, but few randomised controlled trials (RCTs) have evaluated the benefits of these treatments in terms of LEAD and its related adverse events. Smoking cessation, physical activity, supervised walking rehabilitation and healthy diet are also crucial in LEAD management. Several advances have been achieved in endovascular and surgical revascularization procedures, with obvious improvement in LEAD management. The revascularization strategy should take into account several factors including anatomical localizations of lesions, medical history of each patients and operator experience. Further studies, especially RCTs, are needed to evaluate the interest of different therapeutic strategies on the occurrence and progression of LEAD and its related adverse events in patients with diabetes

Harvesting, thickening and dewartering microalgae biomass

The recovery and processing of microalgae biomass from a culture media is an essential component for the production of almost all microalgae products. Microalgae recovery techniques can be used individually (single-stage) or in combination (multi-stage) and the choice is often dependent on the species of microalgae, desired product concentration and product quality. A wide range of solid-liquid separation techniques is available and this chapter compares the technologies and assess the technical and economic considerations for each option. The major challenge in selecting an appropriate technology for biofuels production from microalgae is that traditional microalgae concentration processes have generally used energy-intensive unit operations that are expensive.Stephen L. Pahl, Andrew K. Lee, Theo Kalaitzidis, Peter J. Ashman, Suraj Sathe, and David M. Lewi