Современный взгляд на проблему врожденной цитомегаловирусной инфекции: диагностика, лечение и профилактика

A literature review of the works of foreign and domestic authors is devoted to modern approaches to the diagnosis, treatment and prevention of congenital cytomegalovirus infection (cCMV). The data of international consensuses are presented: «Congenital Cytomegalovirus: A European Expert Consensus Statement on Diagnosis and Management» adopted by the cCMV group from the European society for pediatric infectious diseases (ESPID) in Leipzig, Germany in 2015, and «Congenital cytomegalovirus infection in pregnancy and the neonate: consensus recommendations for prevention, diagnosis, and therapy» by an informal International Congenital Cytomegalovirus Recommendations Group (ICCRG), established in Brisbane, Australia in 2015 as part of the 5th International cCMV Conference about evidence-based treatment cCMV using antiviral drugs and immunotherapy. Particular attention is paid to the prevention of cCMV in both pregnant and newborns, as well as data from international studies on the cytomegalovirus vaccination.Литературный обзор работ зарубежных и отечественных авторов посвящен современным подходам к диагностике, лечению и профилактике врожденной цитомегаловирусной инфекции (ВЦМВИ). Представлены данные международных консенсусов: «Консенсусное заявление европейских экспертов по диагностике и лечению ВЦМВИ», принятого группой по ВЦМВИ от Европейской ассоциации детских инфекционных болезней (ESPID) в Лейпциге (Германия) в 2015 году, и «Врожденная цитомегаловирусная инфекция у беременных и новорожденных: консенсуальные рекомендации по профилактике, диагностике и терапии» неофициальной Интернациональной группой по ВЦМВИ (ICCRG), созданной в Брисбене (Австралия) в 2015 году в рамках 5-й Международной конференции по врожденной цитомегалии, о доказательной базе лечения ВЦМВИ с применением противовирусных препаратов и иммунотерапии. Особое внимание уделено профилактике ЦМВИ как у беременных, так и у новорожденных, а также данные международных исследований о вакцинопрофилактике ЦМВИ

Современный взгляд на проблему врожденной цитомегаловирусной инфекции

Congenital cytomegalovirus infection (CMVI) ranks first among congenital infections, making contribution significantly to the variety of congenital defects formation. The review describes in details the pathogenic mechanisms of the virus effects on the fetus and newborn. Congenital CMVI develops as a result of infection of the mother with the virus or its reactivation, causing an active infection. CMV is pantropic. Infected cells acquire the characteristic appearance of an «owl’s eye» due to a 3—4-fold increase in size, and the cytoplasm is visualized only in the form of a thin strip due to the large diameter of the nucleus. With a congenital CMV infection, the virus itself, its DNA or antigens is detected in biological media up to 14—21 days of life. The manifest and asymptomatic form of infection is distinguished.Attention is drawn to the various clinical findings and long-term outcomes of the infection. When the fetus is infected in the early stages of pregnancy, various malformations of the central nervous system, cardiovascular, kidneys, etc. are formed. When infected in the late stages of pregnancy, a variety of diseases and pathological conditions are revealed in newborns. In 40—90% of newborns with manifest CMVI, there are long-term neurological consequences and hearing loss, as well as damage to the organ of vision.Цитомегаловирусная инфекция занимает первое место среди врожденных инфекций, внося большой вклад в формирование разнообразных пороков развития. В обзоре литературы описываются патогенетические механизмы воздействия вируса на организм плода и новорожденного. Врожденная ЦМВИ развивается вследствие заражения матери вирусом или его реактивации, обуславливая активную инфекцию. ЦМВ обладает пантропностью. Инфицированные клетки приобретают характерный вид «совиного глаза» вследствие увеличения в размерах в 3—4 раза, цитоплазма из-за большого диаметра ядра визуализируется лишь в виде тонкой полоски. При врожденной ЦМВ-инфекции выявляют сам вирус, его ДНК или антигены в биологических средах до 14—21 дня жизни. Выделяют манифестную и бессимптомную форму инфекции.Особое внимание уделено разнообразию клинической картины инфекции и ее отдаленным последствиям. При инфицировании плода на ранних сроках беременности формируются разнообразные пороки развития ЦНС, сердечно-сосудистой, почек и др. При заражении в поздние сроки беременности у новорожденных выявляют разнообразные заболевания и патологические состояния. У 40—90% новорожденных при манифестной ЦМВИ имеют место отдаленные неврологические последствия и снижение слуха, а также поражения органа зрения

Современный взгляд на проблему врожденной цитомегаловирусной инфекции: клинические наблюдения

Тhis work is a continuation of the literature review «The modern view of congenital cytomegalovirus infection» and is devoted to the clinical cases. Particular attention is paid to the severity of congenital cytomegalovirus infection (CCMVI), as well as the its clinical variability, including developmental anomalies. The variety of clinical forms requires a wide range of examinations to identify all this infection manifestations in a newborn child and children in the first months of life, as well as the doctors alertness regarding the timely diagnosis of intrauterine infections based on the existing clinical features. The presented cases demonstrate the CCMVI clinical manifestations: the «classical» generalized manifest form, with a specific clinical, laboratory and instrumental findings, the severe generalized CCMVI with kidney congenital malformation and postnatal development of congenital cataract.Данная работа является продолжением литературного обзора «Современный взгляд на проблему врожденной цитомегаловирусной инфекции» и посвящена разбору клинических случаев. Особое внимание уделено тяжести течения врожденной цитомегаловирусной инфекции (ВЦМВИ), а также клиническому полиморфизму заболевания, в т.ч. с формированием аномалий развитий. Многообразие клинических форм ВЦМВИ требует проведения широкого спектра обследований для выявления всех проявлений данной инфекции у новорожденного ребенка и детей первых месяцев жизни, а также настороженности врачей в отношении своевременной диагностики внутриутробной инфекции на основании имеющейся клинической картины. Представленные случаи демонстрируют особенности клинических вариантов ВЦМВИ: «классической» манифестной формы с генерализованным течением, с характерной клинической картиной и изменениями в лабораторных и инструментальных данных, тяжелого генерализованного течения ВЦМВИ с внутриутробным формированием порока развития почки и постнатальным развитием врожденной катаракты

The modern view of congenital Сytomegalovirus infection

Congenital cytomegalovirus infection (CMVI) ranks first among congenital infections, making contribution significantly to the variety of congenital defects formation. The review describes in details the pathogenic mechanisms of the virus effects on the fetus and newborn. Congenital CMVI develops as a result of infection of the mother with the virus or its reactivation, causing an active infection. CMV is pantropic. Infected cells acquire the characteristic appearance of an «owl’s eye» due to a 3—4-fold increase in size, and the cytoplasm is visualized only in the form of a thin strip due to the large diameter of the nucleus. With a congenital CMV infection, the virus itself, its DNA or antigens is detected in biological media up to 14—21 days of life. The manifest and asymptomatic form of infection is distinguished.Attention is drawn to the various clinical findings and long-term outcomes of the infection. When the fetus is infected in the early stages of pregnancy, various malformations of the central nervous system, cardiovascular, kidneys, etc. are formed. When infected in the late stages of pregnancy, a variety of diseases and pathological conditions are revealed in newborns. In 40—90% of newborns with manifest CMVI, there are long-term neurological consequences and hearing loss, as well as damage to the organ of vision

The modern view of congenital cytomegalovirus infection: diagnosis, treatment and prevention

A literature review of the works of foreign and domestic authors is devoted to modern approaches to the diagnosis, treatment and prevention of congenital cytomegalovirus infection (cCMV). The data of international consensuses are presented: «Congenital Cytomegalovirus: A European Expert Consensus Statement on Diagnosis and Management» adopted by the cCMV group from the European society for pediatric infectious diseases (ESPID) in Leipzig, Germany in 2015, and «Congenital cytomegalovirus infection in pregnancy and the neonate: consensus recommendations for prevention, diagnosis, and therapy» by an informal International Congenital Cytomegalovirus Recommendations Group (ICCRG), established in Brisbane, Australia in 2015 as part of the 5th International cCMV Conference about evidence-based treatment cCMV using antiviral drugs and immunotherapy. Particular attention is paid to the prevention of cCMV in both pregnant and newborns, as well as data from international studies on the cytomegalovirus vaccination

SUBCUTANEOUS ADIPONECROSIS OF A NEWBORN

This is the first report of a clinical case of subcutaneous adiponecrosis of a newborn with acute early neonatal period from a mother with risk factors in the form of diabetes, hypoglycemia during pregnancy, chronic infections, emergency surgical delivery due to acute fetal hypoxia. The article contains algorithm of the differential diagnostics of diabetic embryo-fetopathy and metabolic disorders in a newborn from a mother with diabetes

The modern view of congenital cytomegalovirus infection: clinical observations

Тhis work is a continuation of the literature review «The modern view of congenital cytomegalovirus infection» and is devoted to the clinical cases. Particular attention is paid to the severity of congenital cytomegalovirus infection (CCMVI), as well as the its clinical variability, including developmental anomalies. The variety of clinical forms requires a wide range of examinations to identify all this infection manifestations in a newborn child and children in the first months of life, as well as the doctors alertness regarding the timely diagnosis of intrauterine infections based on the existing clinical features. The presented cases demonstrate the CCMVI clinical manifestations: the «classical» generalized manifest form, with a specific clinical, laboratory and instrumental findings, the severe generalized CCMVI with kidney congenital malformation and postnatal development of congenital cataract

Современный взгляд на проблему врожденной цитомегаловирусной инфекции

Congenital cytomegalovirus infection (CMVI) ranks first among congenital infections, making contribution significantly to the variety of congenital defects formation. The review describes in details the pathogenic mechanisms of the virus effects on the fetus and newborn. Congenital CMVI develops as a result of infection of the mother with the virus or its reactivation, causing an active infection. CMV is pantropic. Infected cells acquire the characteristic appearance of an «owl’s eye» due to a 3—4-fold increase in size, and the cytoplasm is visualized only in the form of a thin strip due to the large diameter of the nucleus. With a congenital CMV infection, the virus itself, its DNA or antigens is detected in biological media up to 14—21 days of life. The manifest and asymptomatic form of infection is distinguished.Attention is drawn to the various clinical findings and long-term outcomes of the infection. When the fetus is infected in the early stages of pregnancy, various malformations of the central nervous system, cardiovascular, kidneys, etc. are formed. When infected in the late stages of pregnancy, a variety of diseases and pathological conditions are revealed in newborns. In 40—90% of newborns with manifest CMVI, there are long-term neurological consequences and hearing loss, as well as damage to the organ of vision.Цитомегаловирусная инфекция занимает первое место среди врожденных инфекций, внося большой вклад в формирование разнообразных пороков развития. В обзоре литературы описываются патогенетические механизмы воздействия вируса на организм плода и новорожденного. Врожденная ЦМВИ развивается вследствие заражения матери вирусом или его реактивации, обуславливая активную инфекцию. ЦМВ обладает пантропностью. Инфицированные клетки приобретают характерный вид «совиного глаза» вследствие увеличения в размерах в 3—4 раза, цитоплазма из-за большого диаметра ядра визуализируется лишь в виде тонкой полоски. При врожденной ЦМВ-инфекции выявляют сам вирус, его ДНК или антигены в биологических средах до 14—21 дня жизни. Выделяют манифестную и бессимптомную форму инфекции.Особое внимание уделено разнообразию клинической картины инфекции и ее отдаленным последствиям. При инфицировании плода на ранних сроках беременности формируются разнообразные пороки развития ЦНС, сердечно-сосудистой, почек и др. При заражении в поздние сроки беременности у новорожденных выявляют разнообразные заболевания и патологические состояния. У 40—90% новорожденных при манифестной ЦМВИ имеют место отдаленные неврологические последствия и снижение слуха, а также поражения органа зрения.</p

Epidemiological Assessment of the First Results of the National Program of Immunization of Young Children against Pneumococcal Infection in Russia

Pneumococcal infections are among the most common infections are an important cause of morbidity and mortality worldwide, including Russia. At the end of 2014 in the national immunization schedule countries introduced vaccination against pneumococcal infection The aim of study. To assess the epidemiological effectiveness of vaccination against pneumococcal infection in young children selectively in different territories of the Russian Federation 2 years later from its beginning Materials and methods. In the course of epidemiological observational analytical research of type «case-control» data were obtained on the incidence in vaccinated and unvaccinated against pneumococcal infection in children from 2 months to 2 years We analyzed 1422 outpatients and 356 case histories of children in several cities (Moscow, Smolensk, Sevastopol, Perm, Tyumen, Barnaul). The results are subjected to statistical processing The results and discussion Established that there is a reliable causal connection between the lack of vaccination of children against pneumococcal infection and incidence of diseases. Shows high prophylactic efficacy of vaccination of children up to 2 years. Received in outpatient and inpatient facilities, evidence suggests that the incidence of invasive and non-invasive forms of pneumococcal infection was significantly lower in the vaccinated children It was revealed that the vaccination coverage against pneumococcal infection in children from 2 months to one year and the second year of life was 51 and 40% respectively. Vaccination in the first six months of life in 2016 received only 25% of children. A high proportion of the parent's refusal of vaccination of children (54.2%), and high frequency medical taps (9.7%) from vaccination