The performance of the right to have access to social security

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The Rate of Coastal Temperature Rise Adjacent to a Warming Western Boundary Current is Nonuniform with Latitude

Western boundary currents (WBCs) have intensified and become more eddying in recent decades due to the spin-up of the ocean gyres, resulting in warmer open ocean temperatures. However, relatively little is known of how WBC intensification will affect temperatures in adjacent continental shelf waters where societal impact is greatest. We use the well-observed East Australian Current (EAC) to investigate WBC warming impacts on shelf waters and show that temperature increases are nonuniform in shelf waters along the latitudinal extent of the EAC. Shelf waters poleward of 32°S are warming more than twice as fast as those equatorward of 32°S. We show that nonuniform shelf temperature trends are driven by an increase in lateral heat advection poleward of the WBC separation, along Australia's most populous coastline. The large-scale nature of the process indicates that this is applicable to WBCs broadly, with far-reaching biological implications

Understanding the impact of engineering through appropriate technology development

Abstract: This research describes a pilot project which aimed to introduce CDIO-type (Conceive-Design-Implement-Operate), project-based learning through a community-based project in a third year Material Science module. The project formed part of an agriculture research initiative, and relied on interdisciplinary research collaboration between engineering, social sciences, management, entrepreneurship, and industrial arts. The initiative seeks to develop an agribusiness solution that will create an open-market, growth-oriented food economy. As part of the initiative, engineering students, participating in teams, worked alongside a community of urban farmers, most of whom are working poor, so as to develop appropriate, intermediate technology/ies that could support the farmers. This was informed by the need to have students demonstrate high level understanding of disciplinary content, but also to engage in human-centered design thinking and practice

The Influence of High Density Grazing and Conventional, Rotational Grazing on Soil And Vegetation Parameters in the Semi-Arid and Mesic Grasslands of South Africa

In South Africa, multi-camp rotational grazing using ‘conservative stocking rates’ have been the conventional approach to livestock grazing management systems. However, as of late, the high-desnity approach (used interchangeably – depending on the situation – with regenerative grazing, mob grazing, short duration, high pressure grazing, rapid rotation, time controlled, ultra-high density, holistic grazing and holistic resource management) has been adopted by numerous farmers. This approach is considered to be an adaptable one, incorporating the ‘herd effect’ concept, whereby large numbers of animals occupy an area for short periods of time, and allowed an extended rest period. It claims to improve rangeland productivity by improving both vegetation and soil condition, and, in turn, enhancing animal productivity. However, scientifically sound information regarding these claims, as well as the influences of this strategy opposed to the conventional rotational systems in South Africa is somewhat lacking. The aim of our research is to explore the different facets of regenerative grazing, practiced by various livestock farmers in natural veld in the semi-arid and mesic grasslands of South Africa. These facets include different soil (physical and chemical parameters), vegetation (composition, dry matter production, necromass, cover and quality (i.e. crude protein (CP), neutral detergent fibre (NDF), acid detergent fibre (ADF), acid detergent lignin (ADL) and organic matter (OM)), animal and human (decision-making and financials) interactions and dynamics, in comparison to conventional, rotational grazing. Due to preliminary trials, only the forage quality parameters will be discussed. These parameters have been shown to differ between the two different grazing management strategies on a farm scale, however, not on a spatial scale. This project has the potential to produce scientific and objective information on the functionality of different grazing systems in the grasslands of South Africa, and it can, too, assist livestock farmers in understanding the rationale behind high pressure grazing

Følelsesøkonomier i Nordatlanten. Gamle bånd og nye venskaber

Artiklen har fokus på den del af det »nordiske Arktis«, som engang hørte under det danske (dansk-norske) imperium. Med selvstyre og diskussioner om endnu løsere tilknytning mellem de tilbageværende parter i Rigsfællesskabet rykker magten mod nord. Dette åbner for dannelsen af nye forbindelser og partnerskaber, hvor de tidligere kolonier/bilande/besiddelser i Nordatlanten (Grønland, Færøerne og Island og i nogle sammenhænge Norge) afsøger mulighederne for tættere relationer uden om Danmark. En mulig barriere for udviklingen af nye og lige relationer synes at bestå i et efterslæb af historisk betingede hierarkier og stereotyper, bygget på begreber som »civilisation«, »race« og »kultur«, som fortsat trives på trods af afkolonisering og nyorientering. Etablerede følelsesmæssige økonomier eksisterer sammen med de finansielle økonomier, hvilket gør det umuligt at skille følelser, finanser og politiske og sociale magtforhold. Artiklen argumenterer for, at bevidsthed omkring disse uhensigtsmæssige efterklange af imperium og kolonitid er en forudsætning for deres afvikling

Observed multi-decadal trends in subsurface temperature adjacent to the East Australian Current

Sea surface temperature observations have shown that western boundary currents, such as the East Australian Current (EAC), are warming faster than the global average. However, we know little about coastal temperature trends inshore of these rapidly warming regions, particularly below the surface. In addition to this, warming rates are typically estimated linearly, making it difficult to know how these rates have changed over time. Here we use long-term in situ temperature observations through the water column at five coastal sites between approximately 27.3–42.6∘ S to estimate warming trends between the ocean surface and the bottom. Using an advanced trend detection method, we find accelerating warming trends at multiple depths in the EAC extension region at 34.1 and 42.6∘ S. We see accelerating trends at the surface and bottom at 34.1∘ S but similar trends in the top 20 m at 42.6∘ S. We compare several methods, estimate uncertainty, and place our results in the context of previously reported trends, highlighting that magnitudes are depth-dependent, vary across latitude, and are sensitive to the data time period chosen. The spatial and temporal variability in the long-term temperature trends highlight the important role of regional dynamics against a background of broad-scale ocean warming. Moreover, considering that recent studies of ocean warming typically focus on surface data only, our results show the necessity of subsurface data for the improved understanding of regional climate change impacts.</p

Fruit and Vegetable Intake, Food Security, Barriers to Healthy Eating, and Empowerment Among Dietetic Interns and Physician Assistant Interns: A Cross-Sectional Pilot Study

Students are required to complete supervised practice hours prior to becoming Registered Dietitians and Physician Assistants. Research suggests that environmental and social factors affect dietetic interns’ diets during their internship, although these factors have not been studied among physician assistant interns. This cross-sectional study utilized an online survey to compare dietetic interns’ (n = 81) and physician assistant interns’ (n = 79) fruit and vegetable intake, food security, barriers to healthy eating, and empowerment for making healthy dietary choices during an internship. Differences were assessed via independent t-tests and chi-square distributions. The significance was set at p \u3c 0.05. Dietetic interns had a higher vegetable intake (p = 0.002) while physician assistant interns had higher rates of food insecurity (p = 0.040). Dietetic interns reported a greater impact on their dietary choices due to mental fatigue (p = 0.006), while physician assistant interns’ dietary choices were more heavily impacted by peer influence, interactions with patients, and interactions with preceptors (p \u3c 0.05). There was not a group difference in overall empowerment (p = 0.157), although both groups rated empowerment for asking for help with food and nutrition challenges the lowest of the empowerment sub-items. Addressing interns’ unique needs may support students’ educational success and wellbeing once they are professionals, promote a diverse workforce, and ensure optimal care for patients

Early development of water quality methods and approaches in ecological Reserve assessments

This project was initiated in 2000 to allow the ecological Reserve team for water quality to undertake additional research while working on eco-logical Reserve determinations funded by the Department of Water Af-fairs and Forestry. The results of this work form the basis of the meth-ods reported in the Water Research Commission report Hughes DA (Ed)(in press)

Implementation of the safe system approach in South Africa : overview of the Limpopo road safety programme

Papers presented virtually at the 41st International Southern African Transport Conference on 10-13 July 2044In line with the Sustainable Development Goals 2030 road safety has been prioritized as a key public health priority. Aligned with South African national development goals (NDP 2030) and the fact that the South Africa Government recognizes road safety and the consequences of the road safety scourge as public health and socio-economic development challenge across South Africa, and across communities. In 2018 a South African mining community and health assessment determined that road safety needs to be a key health and safety priority. In support a baseline Limpopo Province road safety analysis conducted in 2021 indicted the need to cater for the most vulnerable in society (and with that broader than the usual vulnerable road user, but also aimed at socioeconomic vulnerability) which puts road safety in the mainstream of development activities and the road safety agenda will need to aspire to achieving more. In response to address the road safety problems in the province, a targeted programme was developed. The Limpopo Road Safety Programme is premised on the Safe Systems Approach which at the heart of both the First and the Second United Nations Decade of Action and Global Road Safety Plans, as well as the National Road Safety Strategy 2030. The Limpopo Road Safety Programme aim to implement road safety actions and interventions in a targeted manner. The Limpopo Road Safety programme is a three-year initiative developed and implemented by the Impact Catalyst and is set to through public and private partnerships support communities in reducing the number of deaths and injuries from road traffic accidents (Sustainable Development Goal 3.6). This commitment is deliberately ambitious and aligned to improve people’s lives. The programme is rooted in successful public and private partnerships and the coordination of targeted interventions and actions aimed at reducing the carnage on Limpopo roads. This research paper provides an overview of the the Limpopo Road Safety programme which through the execution of thirteen targeted Safe System projects aims to improve road safety in the Limpopo Province by strengthening the various pillars of the Safe System Approach in support of road safety improvements

Hydrogen Epoch of Reionization Array (HERA)

The Hydrogen Epoch of Reionization Array (HERA) is a staged experiment to measure 21 cm emission from the primordial intergalactic medium (IGM) throughout cosmic reionization ($z=6-12$), and to explore earlier epochs of our Cosmic Dawn ($z\sim30$). During these epochs, early stars and black holes heated and ionized the IGM, introducing fluctuations in 21 cm emission. HERA is designed to characterize the evolution of the 21 cm power spectrum to constrain the timing and morphology of reionization, the properties of the first galaxies, the evolution of large-scale structure, and the early sources of heating. The full HERA instrument will be a 350-element interferometer in South Africa consisting of 14-m parabolic dishes observing from 50 to 250 MHz. Currently, 19 dishes have been deployed on site and the next 18 are under construction. HERA has been designated as an SKA Precursor instrument. In this paper, we summarize HERA's scientific context and provide forecasts for its key science results. After reviewing the current state of the art in foreground mitigation, we use the delay-spectrum technique to motivate high-level performance requirements for the HERA instrument. Next, we present the HERA instrument design, along with the subsystem specifications that ensure that HERA meets its performance requirements. Finally, we summarize the schedule and status of the project. We conclude by suggesting that, given the realities of foreground contamination, current-generation 21 cm instruments are approaching their sensitivity limits. HERA is designed to bring both the sensitivity and the precision to deliver its primary science on the basis of proven foreground filtering techniques, while developing new subtraction techniques to unlock new capabilities. The result will be a major step toward realizing the widely recognized scientific potential of 21 cm cosmology.Comment: 26 pages, 24 figures, 2 table