Efecto de la humedad y compactación de un Ultisol de la sabana del estado Monagas sobre la concentración de clorofila y carotenoides, lavado de electrolitos y contenido relativo de agua en plantas de soya Efecto de la humedad y compactación de un Ultisol de la sabana del estado Monagas sobre la concentración de clorofila y carotenoides, lavado de electrolitos y contenido relativo de agua en plantas de soya

In late 2008, a greenhouse trial was conducted with soybeans to determine the behavior ofchlorophyll a, b, a+b and carotenoid concentration , electrolyte leakage, and relative watercontent with respect to moisture and ultisol soil compaction, because these two factors are acommon limiting factor of agricultural soil in the state of Monagas. A randomized block designwith factorial arrangement (4x4) was used, and the interaction of four levels of compactionproduced by different number of blows per layer (0, 12, 24, 36) and four levels of moistureproduced by varying the irrigation frequency (daily, every two days, every three days and fourdays) was studied. Analysis of variance and regression analysis indicated that the most influentialfactor in the variables assessed was the frequency of irrigation.A finales del año 2008, se realizó un ensayo a nivel de invernadero para determinar el comportamiento de la concentración de clorofila a, b, a+b y carotenoides, el lavado de electrolitos y contenido relativo de agua en el cultivo de Soya, con respecto a la humedad y compactación de un suelo Ultisol, debido a que estos dos factores son una limitante muy común en los suelos agrícolas del estado Monagas. Se trabajó bajo un diseño de bloques al azar en arreglo factorial (4 x 4) donde se estudió la interacción de cuatro niveles de compactación a través de diferentes número de golpes por capa (0, 12, 24, 36) y cuatro niveles de humedad a través de la variación de las frecuencias de riego (todos los días, cada dos días, cada tres días y cada cuatro días), luego del análisis de varianza y posterior análisis de regresión se concluyó que el factor más influyente en las variables evaluadas fue la frecuencia de riego.</p

MAIZE ROOT GROWTH UNDER REGULAR WATER CONTENT, SUBJECTED TO COMPACTION, IRRIGATION FREQUENCIES, AND SHEAR STRESS

Maize (Zea mays L.) is an agricultural crop grown in the incompressible and alterable savanna soils, which are, with no trouble, compacted by machinery, consolidated by drying and wetting, and insufficiently irrigated. The objectives were to study the effects of: (a) water content and compaction over root length, root penetration and root volume under soil water content requirements, and (b) shear stress, and normal tension on root growth. The methods were: Proctor test, water meters, watering frequency, 30x30x1.5 cm plastic cylinders, randomized block designs and factorial simple treatment, four compaction levels per layer (0, 12, 24 and 36), four soil water contents with four irrigation frequencies (daily, inter-day, every two days and every three days) and water amount of 10% to 13% with mean value of 11.78%. Among the findings: (a) The root length average 74.07 cm, (b) Root penetration with median rate 20.42 cm, (c) Root volume median rate 49.601 cm3. In conclusion, maize root structure was positively influenced by water content more than compaction; the dependent variables root length and volume showed no significant difference in the independent variables studied and root penetration presented significance in irrigation treatment

Desarrollo radicular del maíz bajo humedecimiento, sometido a compactación, frecuencias de riego y tensión cortante

Maize (Zea mays L.) is an agricultural crop grown in the incompressible and alterable savanna soils, which are, with no trouble, compacted by machinery, consolidated by drying and wetting, and insufficiently irrigated. The objectives were to study the effects of (a) water content and compaction over root length, root penetration and root volume under soil water content requirements; and (b) shear stress, and normal tension on root growth. The methods were: Proctor test, water meters, watering frequency, 30x30x1.5 cm plastic cylinders, randomized block designs and factorial simple treatment, four compaction levels per layer (0, 12, 24 and 36), four soil water contents with four irrigation frequencies (daily, inter-day, every two days and every three days) and water amount of 10% to 13% with mean value of 11.78%. Among the findings: (a) The root length average 74.07 cm, (b) Root penetration with median rate 20.42 cm, (c) Root volume median rate 49.601 cm3. In conclusion, maize root structure was positively influenced by water content more than compaction; the dependent variables root length and volume showed no significant difference in the independent variables studied and root penetration presented significance in irrigation treatments.Maíz (Zea mays L.) es un cultivo sembrado en los suelos de sabana incompresibles y alterables, que son, sin ningún problema, compactados por maquinarias y consolidado por secado y humedecimiento, e insuficientemente regados. Los objetivos fueron estudiar los efectos de (a) el contenido de agua y la compactación sobre la longitud, la penetración y el volumen radicular bajo los requisitos de contenido de agua del suelo; y (b) el esfuerzo cortante y tensión normal en el crecimiento de la raíz. Los métodos fueron: prueba Proctor, medidores de humedad, frecuencia de riego, cilindros plásticos 30x30x1.5 cm, arreglo en bloques al azar con arreglo factorial simple, cuatro niveles de compactación por capa (0, 12, 24 y 36), el contenido de agua del suelo con cuatro frecuencias de riego (diario, inter-día, cada dos días y cada tres días) y la cantidad de agua de 10% a 13% con valor promedio de 11,78%. Entre los resultados: (a) la longitud promedio de la raíz fue de 74,07 cm; (b) la penetración radicular de 20,42 cm; (c) el volumen radicular de 49,601 cm3. En conclusión, la estructura de la raíz del maíz fue influenciada positivamente por el contenido de agua más que por la compactación; las variables dependientes longitud y volumen radicular no mostraron diferencia significativa con respecto a las independientes estudiadas y la penetración de las raíces presentó diferencia significativa con respecto a irrigación

microRNA–mRNA Networks Linked to Inflammation and Immune System Regulation in Inflammatory Bowel Disease

The molecular processes linked to the development and progression of Crohn’s disease (CD) and ulcerative colitis (UC) are not completely understood. MicroRNAs (miRNAs) regulate gene expression and are indicated as diagnostic, prognostic, and predictive biomarkers in chronic degenerative diseases. Our objectives included the identification of global miRNA expression in CD and UC, as well as miRNA target genes, miRNA–mRNA interaction networks, and biological functions associated with these different forms of inflammatory bowel disease (IBD). Methods: By performing a comprehensive meta-analysis, we integrated miRNA expression data from nine studies in IBD. We obtained detailed information on significantly deregulated miRNAs (fold change, FC ≥ 2 and p < 0.05), sample type and number, and platform applied for analysis in the training and validation sets. Further bioinformatic analyses were performed to identify miRNA target genes, by using the microRNA Data Integration Portal tool. We also sought to identify statistically enriched pathways of genes regulated by miRNAs using ToppGene Suite. Additional analyses were performed to filter for genes expressed in intestinal tissue using the European Bioinformatics Institute (EBI) database. Results: Our findings showed the upregulation of 15 miRNAs in CD and 33 in UC. Conversely, six miRNAs were downregulated in CD, while seven were downregulated in UC. These results indicate a greater deregulation of miRNAs in UC compared to CD. Of note, miRNA target genes were enriched for immune system regulation pathways. Among significantly deregulated miRNAs with a higher number of miRNA–target gene interactions, we identified miR-199a-5p and miR-362-3p altered in CD, while among UC case patients, miRNA–target gene interactions were higher for miR-155-5p. Conclusions: The identified miRNAs play roles in regulating genes associated with immune system regulation and inflammation in IBD. Such miRNAs and their target genes have the potential to serve as clinically relevant biomarkers. These findings hold promise for enhancing the accuracy of diagnoses and facilitating the development of personalized treatment strategies for individuals with various forms of IBD