Après une décennie de « buzz » : quelle pertinence pour le concept de modèle d’affaires en stratégie?

Une dizaine d’années après la renaissance manifeste de l’intérêt des praticiens, puis des chercheurs, pour le concept de modèle d’affaires (business model), la question de sa pertinence au regard des concepts et des outils existants en stratégie persiste. Concept polysémique? Concept « valise »? Concept utile? Concept durable? Autant de questions qui, au-delà de la popularité du concept, nous invitent à porter un regard à la fois critique et constructif sur le modèle d’affaires dans le champ du management stratégique.Alors que notre pratique d’enseignement de la stratégie et d’accompagnement de projets d’innovation nous amenait à questionner la pertinence du concept/outil du modèle d’affaires, il nous sembla qu’un tour de table s’imposait pour tenter de répondre aux questions soulevées. Ce tour de table s’est tenu le 8 juin 2011 lors de la XXe conférence de l’Association Internationale de Management Stratégique (AIMS) à Nantes. Ce petit ouvrage a pour but de faire partager au lecteur l’intégralité des propos échangés ce jour-là

Feeding mice with diets containing mercury-contaminated fish flesh from French Guiana: a model for the mercurial intoxication of the Wayana Amerindians

International audienc

La pollution mercurielle liée à l'orpaillage en Guyane : contamination des systèmes aquatiques et impact sanitaire chez les Amérindiens du Haut-Maroni

Gold mining, a growing activity in French Guiana since the end of the 19th century, has witnessed a revival over recent years, with the result that several hundred tons of mercury have been dumped into the environment. Through a process of bio-amplification throughout the various trophic levels, this heavy metal accumulates in the species situated at the end of the food chain, notably carnivorous fish. An epidemiological survey conducted in 1994 shows a high rate of impregnation among the Amerindian populations, especially those in the Upper Maroni region, in Twenké and Antecume Pata. The mercury contents in the hair of these villagers (11.7 ug/g in adults and 14 u.g/g in children) exceed WHO recommendations (10 ug/g). Further investigations are under way, partly of an environmental nature, to better understand mercury dispersion and accumulation in the environment and the food chain, and partly for sanitary objectives (nutritional surveys and to determine the neurotoxic effects of mercury on children).L'orpaillage, qui s'est développé en Guyane depuis la fin du XIXe siècle, avec un regain d'activité ces dernières années, a entraîné le rejet de plusieurs centaines de tonnes de mercure dans l'environnement. La bioamplification du métal le long des chaînes trophiques, entraîne une accumulation du mercure dans les espèces en fin de chaîne alimentaire, notamment chez les poissons carnivores. Une enquête épidémiologique réalisée en 1994, a montré une imprégnation élevée chez les populations amérindiennes, particulièrement sur le Haut-Maroni, notamment à Twenké et Antécume Pata. Chez les habitants de ces villages, les teneurs en mercure dans les cheveux (1 1,7 ug/g chez les adultes, et 14 ug/g chez les enfants) sont supérieures aux recommandations de l'OMS (10 ug/g). Des investigations complémentaires d'ordre environnemental, afin de mieux connaître la dispersion et l'accumulation du mercure dans le milieu et la chaîne alimentaire, et d'ordre sanitaire (enquêtes nutritionnelles et effets neurotoxiques du mercure chez l'enfant) ont été entreprises.Grasmick C., Cordier S., Fréry N., Boudou A., Maury-Brachet R. La pollution mercurielle liée à l'orpaillage en Guyane : contamination des systèmes aquatiques et impact sanitaire chez les Amérindiens du Haut-Maroni. In: Journal d'agriculture traditionnelle et de botanique appliquée, 40ᵉ année, bulletin n°1-2,1998. Conserver, gérer la biodiversité : quelle stratégie pour la Guyane ? sous la direction de Marie Fleury et Odile Poncy. pp. 167-179

Levels of polychlorinated dibenzo-p-dioxins, polychlorinated dibenzofurans and polychlorinated biphenyls in human milk from different regions of France

peer reviewedWereport on the pilot study carried out before the start of the Elfe project (French longitudinal study from childhood). A total of 44 samples of mature human milk were collected at home 8 weeks after delivery. A total of 7 polychlorinated dibenzo-p-dioxins (PCDDs), 10 polychlorinated dibenzofurans (PCDFs), 12 dioxin-like (DL) polychlorinated biphenyls (PCBs), and 6 non dioxin-like (NDL)-PCBs were measured. For total TEQ (PCDD/Fs and DL-PCBs), the geometric mean concentration was 17.81 pg TEQWHO05/g lipids. Relative PCDD, PCDF, and DL-PCB contributions to the arithmetic mean TEQWHO05 were 38%, 18%, and 44%, respectively. The use of TEFWHO05 instead of TEFWHO98 resulted in a 27% reduction of the total TEQ value. Although PCDD levels did not significantly change (less than 0.5% increase), PCDF and DL-PCB levels both decreased by 35% and 38%, respectively. Levels have been compared to data obtained during a previous non-reported national study conducted in 1998 (TEFWHO98) in French lactaria (n = 244). The mean of PCDD/Fs has decreased about 39.4% (18.8 pg TEQWHO98/g lipids in 1998 vs 11.4 pg TEQWHO98/g lipids in pilot study), respectively 41.5% for PCDDs (10.6 pg TEQWHO98/g lipids in 1998 vs 6.2 pg TEQWHO98/g lipids in pilot study) and 36.7% for PCDFs (7.9 pg TEQWHO98/g lipids in 1998 vs 5.0 pg TEQWHO98/g lipids in pilot study). For the sum of the 6 NDL-PCBs, the 2007 geometric mean concentration in milk was 176.3 ng/g lipids. The arithmetic mean lipid concentration in 2007 breast milk was 26.4 g/l (range from 6.0 to 46.7 g/l). A PCDD/F and DL-PCB daily intake was estimated to be 62.3 pg TEQWHO05/kg body weight per day (85.0 pg TEQWHO98/kg bodyweight per day) for a baby of 5 kg of bodyweight fed daily with 700 ml of maternal milk containing 25 g/l of lipids

Levels of polychlorinated dibenzo-p-dioxins, polychlorinated dibenzofurans and polychlorinated biphenyls in human milk from different regions of France

peer reviewedWereport on the pilot study carried out before the start of the Elfe project (French longitudinal study from childhood). A total of 44 samples of mature human milk were collected at home 8 weeks after delivery. A total of 7 polychlorinated dibenzo-p-dioxins (PCDDs), 10 polychlorinated dibenzofurans (PCDFs), 12 dioxin-like (DL) polychlorinated biphenyls (PCBs), and 6 non dioxin-like (NDL)-PCBs were measured. For total TEQ (PCDD/Fs and DL-PCBs), the geometric mean concentration was 17.81 pg TEQWHO05/g lipids. Relative PCDD, PCDF, and DL-PCB contributions to the arithmetic mean TEQWHO05 were 38%, 18%, and 44%, respectively. The use of TEFWHO05 instead of TEFWHO98 resulted in a 27% reduction of the total TEQ value. Although PCDD levels did not significantly change (less than 0.5% increase), PCDF and DL-PCB levels both decreased by 35% and 38%, respectively. Levels have been compared to data obtained during a previous non-reported national study conducted in 1998 (TEFWHO98) in French lactaria (n = 244). The mean of PCDD/Fs has decreased about 39.4% (18.8 pg TEQWHO98/g lipids in 1998 vs 11.4 pg TEQWHO98/g lipids in pilot study), respectively 41.5% for PCDDs (10.6 pg TEQWHO98/g lipids in 1998 vs 6.2 pg TEQWHO98/g lipids in pilot study) and 36.7% for PCDFs (7.9 pg TEQWHO98/g lipids in 1998 vs 5.0 pg TEQWHO98/g lipids in pilot study). For the sum of the 6 NDL-PCBs, the 2007 geometric mean concentration in milk was 176.3 ng/g lipids. The arithmetic mean lipid concentration in 2007 breast milk was 26.4 g/l (range from 6.0 to 46.7 g/l). A PCDD/F and DL-PCB daily intake was estimated to be 62.3 pg TEQWHO05/kg body weight per day (85.0 pg TEQWHO98/kg bodyweight per day) for a baby of 5 kg of bodyweight fed daily with 700 ml of maternal milk containing 25 g/l of lipids

Economic evaluation of health consequences of prenatal methylmercury exposure in France

<p>Abstract</p> <p>Background</p> <p>Evidence of a dose–response relationship between prenatal exposure to methylmercury (MeHg) and neurodevelopmental consequences in terms of IQ reduction, makes it possible to evaluate the economic consequences of MeHg exposures.</p> <p>Objective</p> <p>To perform an economic evaluation of annual national benefits of reduction of the prenatal MeHg exposure in France.</p> <p>Methods</p> <p>We used data on hair-Hg concentrations in French women of childbearing age (18–45 years) from a national sample of 126 women and from two studies conducted in coastal regions (n = 161and n = 503). A linear dose response function with a slope of 0.465 IQ point reduction per μg/g increase in hair-Hg concentration was used, along with a log transformation of the exposure scale, where a doubling of exposure was associated with a loss of 1.5 IQ points. The costs calculations utilized an updated estimate of €₂₀₀₈ 17,363 per IQ point decrement, with three hypothetical exposure cut-off points (hair-Hg of 0.58, 1.0, and 2.5 μg/g).</p> <p>Results</p> <p>Because of higher exposure levels of women in coastal communities, the annual economic impacts based on these data were greater than those using the national data, i.e. € 1.62 billion (national), and € 3.02 billion and € 2.51 billion (regional), respectively, with the linear model, and € 5.46 billion (national), and € 9.13 billion and € 8.17 billion (regional), with the log model, for exposures above 0.58 μg/g.</p> <p>Conclusions</p> <p>These results emphasize that efforts to reduce MeHg exposures would have high social benefits by preventing the serious and lifelong consequences of neurodevelopmental deficits in children.</p