The learnability and psychological processing of reading in Chinese and English: Differences and similarities

The main purpose of this paperisto briefly review some empiricalfindings on the processingmechanisms ofskilled readers and beginning readersin Chinese andEnglish and to compare the learnability of reading in the two languages. In the learning processes, a similar global-to-analytic developmental path existsin both languages, although there are differencesin the kinds of predictors of early reading acquisition. It is argued that while Chinese-English orthography differences have some effect on the learning and processingmechanismsfollowed, the effect does not amount to making one system as a whole easier and faster to process or to learn than the other.postprin

Suzaku study of gas properties along filaments of A2744

Context: We present the results of Suzaku observations of a massive galaxy cluster A2744, which is an active merger at $z=0.308$. Aims: By using long X-ray observations of A2744, we aim to understand the growth of the cluster and the gas heating process through mass accretion along the surrounding filaments. Methods: We analyzed data from two-pointed Suzaku observations of A2744 to derive the temperature distribution out to the virial radius in three different directions. We also performed a deprojection analysis to study radial profiles of gas temperature, density, and entropy and compared the X-ray results with multi-wavelength data to investigate correlations with the surface density of galaxies and with radio relics. Results: The gas temperature was measured out to the virial radius $r_{200}$ in the north-east region and to about $1.5r_{200}$ in the north-west and south regions. The radial profile of the gas temperature is rather flat and the temperature is very high (even near $r_{200}$); it is comparable to the mean temperature of this cluster ($kT=9$ keV). These characteristics have not been reported in any other cluster. We find a hint of temperature jump in the northeast region whose location coincides with a large radio relic, indicating that the cluster experienced gas heating because of merger or mass accretion onto the main cluster. The temperature distribution is anisotropic and shows no clear positive correlation with the galaxy density, which suggests an inhomogeneous mass structure and a complex merger history in A2744.Comment: 8 pages, 8 figures, A&A accepte

X-Ray Study of the Outer Region of Abell 2142 with Suzaku

We observed outer regions of a bright cluster of galaxies A2142 with Suzaku. Temperature and brightness structures were measured out to the virial radius ($r_{200}$) with good sensitivity. We confirmed the temperature drop from 9 keV around the cluster center to about 3.5 keV at $r_{200}$, with the density profile well approximated by the $\beta$ model with $\beta = 0.85$. Within 0.4\r_{200}, the entropy profile agrees with $r^{1.1}$, as predicted by the accretion shock model. The entropy slope becomes flatter in the outer region and negative around $r_{200}$. These features suggest that the intracluster medium in the outer region is out of thermal equilibrium. Since the relaxation timescale of electron-ion Coulomb collision is expected to be longer than the elapsed time after shock heating at $r_{200}$, one plausible reason of the low entropy is the low electron temperature compared to that of ions. Other possible explanations would be gas clumpiness, turbulence and bulk motions of ICM\@. We also searched for a warm-hot intergalactic medium around $r_{200}$ and set an upper limit on the oxygen line intensity. Assuming a line-of-sight depth of 2 Mpc and oxygen abundance of 0.1 solar, the upper limit of an overdensity is calculated to be 280 or 380, depending on the foreground assumption.Comment: 14 pages, 8 figure

Transnational TESOL professionals and teaching English for glocalized communication (TEGCOM)

How should we write our research? ... the question reflects a central postmodernist realization: all knowledge is socially constructed. Writing is not a 'true' representation of an objective 'reality'; instead, language creates a particular view of reality. ... All social scientific writing depends upon narrative structure and narrative devices, although that structure and those devices are frequently masked by a 'scientific' frame, which is, itself, a metanarrative (c.f. Lyotard, 1979). ... Can we construct a sociology in which narrated lives replace the narrative of unseen, atemporal, abstract 'social forces'? (Laurel Richardson, 1997, pp. 26-27)postprin

Reação de genótipos de soja diferenciadores à ferrugem da soja coletada no Brasil entre 2011 e 2014.

Asian soybean rust (ASR) is one of the important diseases which reduce soybean yield. Most economic control measure of the disease is the use of genetic resistance. To effectiveness of resistance genes to ASR, soybean reactions of differential genotypes were monitored during four cropping seasons from 2010/11 to 2013/14. Samples of leaflets infected with rust were collected from soybean fields in states of Rio Grande do Sul, Paraná, Mato Grosso do Sul, Mato Grosso, Goiás, Distrito Federal and Rondônia. Sixteen differential genotypes (18 in 2012/13 and 2013/14) for soybean rust, having resistance gene, Rpp1-Rpp6, Rpp2+Rpp4+Rpp5, and without resistance genes were inoculated with urediniospores collected from 19 samples. Soybean reaction was rated approximately 14 days after inoculation based on the number of uredinia per lesion and sporulation level. There was no clear evidence of geographical and temporal differentiation. Of the sixteen differentials used for all seasons, Shiranui (Rpp5), PI 587855 (Rpp1-b), PI 587880A (Rpp1-b), PI 587905 (Rpp1-b) and PI 594767A (Rpp1-b) showed a resistant reaction to half or more of samples throughout the period. No6-12 having Rpp2+Rpp4+Rpp5 was resistant to all the samples collected 2012/13 and 2013/14. There was a tendency that PI 459025 (Rpp4) increased the proportion of resistant reactions over the period

Theory and Phenomenology of Heavy Flavor at RHIC

We review the problem of heavy-quark diffusion in the Quark-Gluon Plasma and its ramifications for heavy-quark spectra in heavy-ion collisions at RHIC. In particular, we attempt to reconcile underlying mechanisms of several seemingly different approaches that have been put forward to explain the large suppression and elliptic flow of non-photonic electron spectra. We also emphasize the importance of a quantitative description of the bulk medium evolution to extract reliable values for the heavy-quark diffusion coefficient.Comment: 8 pages latex, including 10 eps figures; plenary talk at SQM08, Beijing (China), Oct. 06-10, 200

Quasiperiodic Tip Splitting in Directional Solidification

We report experimental results on the tip splitting dynamics of seaweed growth in directional solidification of succinonitrile alloys with poly(ethylene oxide) or acetone as solutes. The seaweed or dense branching morphology was selected by solidifying grains which are oriented close to the {111} plane. Despite the random appearance of the growth, a quasiperiodic tip splitting morphology was observed in which the tip alternately splits to the left and to the right. The tip splitting frequency f was found to be related to the growth velocity V as a power law f V^{1.5}. This finding is consistent with the predictions of a tip splitting model that is also presented. Small anisotropies are shown to lead to different kinds of seaweed morphologies.Comment: 4 pages, 7 figures, submitted to Physical Review Letter

Pathogenic variation of Phakopsora pachyrhizi populations in Brazil.

The obligate basidiomycete Phakopsora pachyrhizi is the causal agent of soybean rust that has potential to reduce the yield of soybean drastically. Soybean production in Brazil has been threatened by the rust since the pathogen was first discovered in 2001. To understand pathogenic variation of the rust populations in South America, an evaluation system for soybean rust resistance has been constructed using a set of 16 differential varieties. In this study, the evaluation system was used to investigate pathogenic variation among the P. pachyrhizi populations in Brazil. Samples of P. pachyrhizi were collected from the diseased soybeans in Brazil in the 2007-2008 and 2008-2009 soybean cultivation seasons. In the first season, two rust samples showed similar pattern of the infection types on the differential set, suggesting that the same or similar pathogen population was present in the two locations. The other samples were likely different pathogenic populations. In the second season, different patterns of the infection types were found among the samples. Comparison of the evaluation data from the two seasons demonstrated that pathogenic variation between the seasons was detected in the populations from Rio Grande do Sul and Paraná but was not remarkable in those from Rondônia. This study provides useful knowledge about P. pachyrhizi populations in Brazil to identify the resistant soybean genotypes and target effective cultivars against certain pathogen populations.Edição do Proceedings of the National Soybean Rust Symposium, New Orleans, 2009

Possible relationship between Helicobacter pylori infection and cap polyposis of the colon

The definitive version is available at www.blackwell-synergy.com.ArticleHELICOBACTER. 9(6): 651-656 (2004)journal articl