Intergenerational income and educational mobility in urban Chile

This paper provides evidence on the degree and patterns of intergenerational income and educational mobility in urban Chile. We find intergenerational income elasticities for Greater Santiago in Chile in the range of 0.52 to 0.54. This is lower than recent nation-wide elasticities for Chile of about 0.6-0.7, but still stands as fairly high in comparison with the comparable international evidence. We also find that intergenerational educational mobility is lower for the younger cohorts, which however does not necessarily imply an increase of intergenerational educational mobility in the last decades, as life-cycle effects may be at work. Finally, we find evidence of a higher degree of intergenerational persistence of income at the two extremes of the income distribution, which is more accentuated at the top centiles of the distribution. We suggest that this may mirror the unusually high concentration of income at the top of the income distribution in Chile, a hypothesis that requires further research.Intergenerational mobility, Schooling, Mobility patterns

A Proposal of a Synthetic Indicator to Measure Poverty Intensity, With an Application to EU-15 Countries

This paper deals with the proposal of a synthetic indicator to measure intensity of poverty. So, whereas incidence of poverty can be clearly measured using the headcount ratio indicator, according to Sen (1976) dimensions of poverty, the choice of a better intensity poverty measure is still an open question to resolve. Thus, in this paper, a new procedure to obtain a synthetic indicator from a set of well-performed poverty intensity indices as a start is proposed, using an adaptation of Principal Component Analysis (PCA). Conditions needed to make longitudinal comparisons possible are studied and properties of these synthetic indicators will also be analyzed, connected to TIP curves as well. As an illustration, this paper analyzes the evolution of poverty in the 15 countries of E.U., whose household income data are available through the information contained in the European Community Household Panel (ECPH). This analysis allows static and dynamic comparisons, related to the period from 1993 to 2000. Furthermore, the determination of groups of countries according to their characteristics in poverty will be accomplished.Economic Poverty, TIP’s poverty curves, Poverty in EU countries, PHOGUE.

La revolución de 1840: la culminación del Madrid progresista

This article explores the revolution of 1840, barely studied by historians. After clarifying the main concepts, focuses on the development of the paradigmatic case of Madrid. It does, on the one hand, looking like progressive liberals totally control the local power of Madrid. And, on the other hand, watching the moderate liberals from central power want to implement a reform conservative in the constitucional system of 1837. The progressive liberal Madrid head the opposition to a conservative reform and lead the national revolution of 1840, in whose development we observe its different faces.Este artículo profundiza en la revolución de 1840, apenas estudiada por los historiadores. Después de clarificar los principales conceptos, se centra en el caso paradigmático de Madrid. Lo hace, de una parte, constatando como los liberales progresistas controlan totalmente el poder local de Madrid. Y, de otra parte, observando como los moderados desde el poder central quieren implantar una contrarreforma del régimen constitucional de 1837. El Madrid progresista encabezó la oposición a la reacción conservadora y dirigió la revolución nacional de 1840, en cuyo desarrollo observamos sus distintas caras

Making Managerial Decisions To Solve The Deficit Of Filling Materials During The Construction Of Structures At A Hydroelectric Project

En el presente trabajo de investigación se presentan los resultados y conclusiones obtenidas de una metodología gerencial combinada cualitativa y cuantitativa, aplicadas a una problemática técnica, identificada en la etapa de Construcción de un proyecto Hidroeléctrico. La problemática surge en la identificación de un déficit importante de material apto para construir los rellenos de las estructuras principales que funcionaran como contención del embalse de agua, el cual simultáneamente servirá para generar energía Eléctrica. La metodología se basa en tomar una serie de decisiones gerenciales necesarias para contrarestar el déficit de material apto para el relleno de las mencionadas estructuras.This research report presents the results and conclusions obtained from a qualitative and quantitative analysis applied to a technical problem, which was identified throughout the construction process of a hydroelectric project. The problem arises with the detection of a significant shortage of suitable materials for the construction of water containment structures, which are designed to create an embankment of water used for electricity generation. The methodology applied consists of taking a series of management decisions needed to counteract the shortage of suitable materials for the completion of the aforementioned structures

Diseño de un estudio de valoración de la adherencia terapéutica tras el cambio de medicamentos de marca por medicamentos genéricos

Trabajo fin de grado en EnfermeríaIntroducción: La adherencia al tratamiento es uno de los factores primordiales para una correcta valoración de la eficacia real de la terapéutica farmacológica en pacientes crónicos. El envejecimiento progresivo de la población trae consigo una prevalencia elevada de las enfermedades crónicas, y el consiguiente uso de medicación supone una gran carga para el Sistema Sanitario en relación a la factura farmacéutica. La sustitución de fármacos de marca por medicamentos genéricos puede ser una solución para aliviar dicha carga, siempre y cuando la adherencia al tratamiento no se vea mermada por el intercambio con los medicamentos de referencia o de marca. Los escasos estudios realizados hasta el momento ofrecen resultados contradictorios sobre el efecto que el cambio de fármaco de marca a genérico produce en la adherencia terapéutica de los pacientes, por lo que parece adecuado obtener más información sobre la posible relevancia de este hecho. Objetivo: Diseñar un estudio para evaluar el grado de adherencia al tratamiento tras el cambio de medicamentos de marca a medicamentos genéricos Hipótesis: La sustitución de fármacos de marca por genéricos no modifica la adherencia terapéutica de forma clínicamente relevante. Método: Estudio exploratorio, observacional y transversal para evaluar las modificaciones producidas de la adherencia terapéutica en pacientes mayores de 65 años tras el cambio en la prescripción de fármacos de marca a medicamentos genéricosIntroduction: Medication adherence is one of the paramount determinants for a valid pharmacological therapy efficacy in chronic patients. The increasing aging of population has a high prevalence of chronic illnesses which includes a large use of medication, thus a raised in the pharmaceutical bill, being a burden for the Health System. Brand-name drugs substitution to generic drugs could be a solution to relieve that burden, as long as the medication adherence undergoes no change with the swap. The lack of studies shows 5 a diversity of outcomes on the effect of the generic substitution in the adherence to treatment, hence further research are needed to investigate about this topic relevance. Objective: Study design to assess the extent of medication adherence from switching between brand-name drugs and generics. Hypothesis: Brand-name drugs substitution to generic drugs doesn’t change clinically significant therapeutic adherence Methods: Observational, cross-sectional study, to assess adherence to treatment in patients over 65 years-old after the switch to generic drug

Study of layered double hydroxides as advanced photocatalysts for Nox gases decontamination

La fotocatálisis se presenta como una metodología prometedora para la remediación de la contaminación atmosférica de gases NOx en las zonas urbanas. En la búsqueda de nuevos materiales fotocatalíticos DeNOx alternativos al TiO2, los hidróxidos dobles laminares se muestran como una alternativa interesante. Dada la gran versatilidad que presenta su estructura, estos materiales pueden ser diseñados para obtener un mayor aprovechamiento de la radiación solar. En este contexto, la presente tesis doctoral se ha centrado en dos ámbitos: 1) el diseño de hidróxidos dobles laminares con propiedades fotocatalíticas DeNOx mejoradas y 2) La aplicación de estos compuestos, como aditivo fotocatalítico DeNOx, en materiales de construcción para su potencial uso en tareas de descontaminación atmosférica en zonas urbanas.Photocatalysis is presented as a promising methodology for the remediation of NOx air pollution in urban areas. In the search for new DeNOx photocatalytic materials as an alternative to TiO2, layered double hydroxides (LDHs) are an interesting alternative. Given the great versatility of their structure, these materials can be designed for better harvesting of solar spectrum radiation. In this context, the present doctoral thesis has focused on two scopes: 1) the design of layered double hydroxides with improved DeNOx photocatalytic properties and 2) the application of these compounds, as a DeNOx photocatalytic additive, in construction materials for their potential use in atmospheric decontamination tasks in urban areas

Liquid Chromatography-High-resolution Mass Spectrometry (LC-HRMS) Fingerprinting and Chemometrics for Coffee Classification and Authentication

Nowadays, the quality of natural products is an issue of great interest in our society due to the increase in adulteration cases in recent decades. Coffee, one of the most popular beverages worldwide, is a food product easily adulterated. To prevent fraudulent practices, it is necessary to develop feasible methodologies to authenticate and guarantee not only the coffee origin but also its variety, as well as its roasting degree. In the present study, a C18 reversed-phase liquid chromatography (LC) technique coupled to high-resolution mass spectrometry (HRMS) was applied to address the characterization and classification of Arabica and Robusta coffee samples from different production regions using chemometrics. The proposed non-targeted LC-HRMS method using electrospray ionization in negative mode was applied to the analysis of 306 coffee samples belonging to different groups depending on the variety (Arabica and Robusta), the growing region (e.g., Ethiopia, Colombia, Nicaragua, Indonesia, India, Uganda, Brazil, Cambodia and Vietnam), and the roasting degree. Analytes were recovered with hot water as the extracting solvent (coffee brewing). The data obtained was considered the source of potential descriptors to be exploited for the characterization and classification of the samples using principal component analysis (PCA) and partial least squares-discriminant analysis (PLS-DA). Besides, different adulteration cases, involving nearby production regions and different varieties, were evaluated by pairs (e.g., Vietnam Arabica – Vietnam Robusta, Vietnam Arabica – Cambodia and Vietnam Robusta – Cambodia). The coffee adulteration studies carried out by partial least squares (PLS) regression demonstrated the good capability of the proposed methodology to quantify adulterant levels down to 15%, accomplishing calibration and prediction errors below 2.7% and 11.6%, respectively

Non-targeted HPLC-FLD fingerprinting for the detection and quantitation of adulterated coffee samples by chemometrics

Coffee is today one of the most popular beverages in the world and the determination of its authenticity is an important issue considering the increase of adulteration cases in the last years. In this work, a simple and efficient non-targeted HPLC-FLD fingerprinting method was employed to detect and quantify adulteration levels in coffee samples by partial least squares (PLS) regression to guarantee food integrity and authenticity. For that purpose, different adulteration cases, involving both coffee production region and variety, were evaluated by pairs (Colombia-Ethiopia, Colombia-Nicaragua, India-Indonesia, Vietnam Arabica-Vietnam Robusta, Vietnam Arabica-Cambodia, and Vietnam Robusta-Cambodia adulteration cases). Overall, the proposed non-targeted HPLC-FLD fingerprinting strategy showed very good results with PLS cross-validation and prediction errors below 3.4% and 7.5%, respectively, for adulteration levels below 15%. Therefore, non-targeted HPLC-FLD fingerprints demonstrated to be suitable to assess coffee integrity and authenticity in the control and prevention of frauds

Authenticity assessment and fraud quantitation of coffee adulterated with chicory, barley and blours by untargeted HPLC-UV-FLD fingerprinting and chemometrics

Coffee, one of the most popular drinks around the world, is also one of the beverages most sus-ceptible of being adulterated. Untargeted high-performance liquid chromatography with ultra-violet and fluorescence detection (HPLC-UV-FLD) fingerprinting strategies in combination with chemometrics were employed for the authenticity assessment and fraud quantitation of adulter-ated coffees involving three different and common adulterants: chicory, barley and flours. The methodologies were applied after a solid-liquid extraction procedure with a methanol:water 50:50 (v/v) solution as extracting solvent. Chromatographic fingerprints were obtained using a Kinetex® C18 reversed-phase column under gradient elution conditions using 0.1% formic acid aqueous solution and methanol as mobile phase components. The obtained coffee and adulter-ants extract HPLC-UV-FLD fingerprints were evaluated by partial least squares regres-sion-discriminants analysis (PLS-DA) resulting to be excellent chemical descriptors for sample discrimination. 100% classification rates for both PLS-DA calibration and prediction models were obtained. Besides, Arabica and Robusta coffee samples were adulterated with chicory, bar-ley and flours, and the obtained HPLC-UV-FLD fingerprints subjected to partial least squares (PLS) regression, demonstrating the feasibility of the proposed methodologies to assess coffee authenticity and to quantify adulteration levels (down to 15%), showing both calibration and prediction errors below 1.3% and 2.4%, respectively

Polyphenolic Profiling of Coffee Beverages by Liquid Chromatography-High-Resolution Mass Spectrometry for Classification and Characterization

The importance of monitoring the presence of bioactive compounds as food attributes for sample classification and characterization is increasing. In this study, targeted Liquid Chromatography coupled with High-Resolution Mass Spectrometry (LC-HRMS) was employed to analyze the chemical profile of polyphenolic compounds as the source of information for the characterization and classification of 306 commercial coffee samples. Coffee holds a distinguished position as one of the most widely popular beverages globally but also one of the most easily adulterated. Regrettably, in recent times, instances of coffee adulteration have been on the rise. Consequently, implementing rigorous quality control measures for coffee becomes imperative to guarantee its quality. The results obtained in this work confirm that the proposed chemical profiles serve as excellent descriptors for sample characterization and classification through the implementation of principal component analysis (PCA) and partial least squares-discriminant analysis (PLS-DA), achieving classification rates higher than 83.3% in PLS-DA validation. Moreover, the proposed LC-HRMS polyphenolic approach was employed to identify and measure adulteration levels in coffee samples using partial least squares (PLS) regression with prediction errors below 7.8%