Host-Pathogen and Pest Interactions: Virus, Nematode, Viroid, Bacteria, and Pests in Tomato Cultivation

Several pathogens and pests damage tomato plants, and only one and/or more pathogens and pests can coexist in the same plant at the same time. As several numerous pathogens are found in the same plant, the damage to the tomato plants is higher. Pathogens such as nematodes, viruses, viroids, bacteria, and insects adversely affect the growth and development of tomato plants. They may infect roots or upper part of the plant and can cause not only slow down the growth of plants, but also crop losses and their death. Damaging of plant caused by pathogens and pests reduces the market value of plant products. Those pathogens and pests are also called biotic stress agents. The damage, mode of infection, and the mechanism of infection in each tomato plant and pathogens might be different. This situation is crucially important to understand plant pathogen relationship in detail in terms of controlling pests and pathogen. The effect of each pest/pathogen on tomato plants during the cultivation, the type of damage, and new developments and perspectives on morphological and molecular aspects in tomato-pathogen interactions will be discussed in this chapter

Biber seralarında kök-ur nematodlarına karşı farklı sulama sistemleri ile alternatif mücadele yöntemlerinin belirlenmesi

Kök-ur nematodları geniş bir konukçu dizisine sahip olup önemli kültür bitkilerinde ağır verim kayıplarına neden olmaktadır. Türkiye’de nematodlar ile mücadelede nematisit kullanımına önemli kısıtlamalar getirilmekte bunun yanında mücadelede yeni metotlar ortaya konması gerekmektedir. Bu yüzden biber seralarında Kök-ur nematodları ile mücadelede alternatif mücadele programlarının geliştirilmesi büyük önem taşımaktadır. Bu çalışmada toprak solarizasyonu ile birlikte iki farklı kimyasal ve toprak fumigantının iki ve dört hat şeklinde damla sulama sistemi ile kombine edilerek nematodlarla ile mücadele programlarında kullanılabilirliği araştırılmıştır. Çalışmada solarizasyon + metam sodyum + iprodione uygulaması, dört lateral hatlı damla sulama sisteminde verime ve nematodun kökteki urlanması üzerine etkili bulunmuştur. Bitki boyu ve nematodun üreme gücüne solarizasyon + iprodione uygulamasının dört lateral hatlı damla sulama sisteminde en yüksek etkiye sahip olduğu saptanmıştır.Root-knot nematodes possess a wide group of hosts and cause significant yield losses in many economically important plant species. Restrictions on the use of nematicides in Turkey have increased; hence it is needed to discover new control methods for managing Root-knot nematodes. Therefore, establishing alternative control programme to comba

Cerebral Tuberculoma Mimicking High Grade Glial Tumor

Tuberculosis has been an important public health problem in both developing and develop nations. Tuberculosis of the central nervous system is rare. Tuberculosis meningitis and tuberculoma are the two most important manifestations of tuberculosis of the CNS. Intracranial tuberculomas may be solitary or multiple. Solitary tuberculomas may be indistinguishable from cranial abscess or primary brain tumor. It is necessary to rule out tuberculoma in patients with intracranial mass lesions. We present a case of tuberculoma mimicking a high grade glial tumor on magnetic resonance imaging and clinical presentation. A 30-year-old woman presented with one-month history of epilepsy. Cranial magnetic resonance imaging showed a left occipital peripheral ring-enhanced lesion with central necrosis. There was a strong suspicion of glial tumor. The lesion was totally excised with left occipital craniotomy. Histological examination of mass revealed a tuberculoma. The patient was treated with antituberculous chemotherapy

Surface Anatomy of the Transverse Sinus for the Midline Infratentorial Supracerebellar Approach

AIM: Knowing the location of the transverse sinus in the midline supracerebellar infratentorial approach is important to prevent its inadvertent injury. The external landmarks of the occipital bone have been studied in this anatomic study in order to reveal their relationship with the transverse sinus

Bilateral Lhermitte-Duclos disease

Lhermitte-Duclos disease (LDD) is a pathologic entity with progrediating, diffuse hypertrophy chiefly of the stratum granulosum of the cerebellum. Typically LDD is a unilateral lesion of the cerebellum or in vermis. Here we report a case of LDD with bilateral lesions of cerebellar hemispheres managed surgically. A 28-year-old woman presented with one-year history of progressive headache, nausea, vomiting, and blurred vision. Neurologic examination revealed a bilateral mild papilledema, mild dysmetria, and dysdiadochokinesia. The cerebellar lesions caused moderate mass effect in posterior fossa with hydrocephalus, and Chiari type I malformation. We performed the suboccipital-retrosigmoid approach, and removed completely the left intracerebellar mass. Symptoms related to elevated intracranial pressure disappeared in a short period postoperatively

Primary cerebellopontine angle craniopharyngioma in a patient with Gardner syndrome

Craniopharyngiomas usually involve the sella and suprasellar space. Ectopic craniopharyngiomas have rarely been reported at the cerebellopontine angle (CPA). We report a rare primary craniopharyngioma of the CPA without extension into the sellar region. The lesion was initially detected by MRI during investigation of multiple scalp fibromas. Multiple osteomas of the skull and face were detected 2 years later, and colonic adenomatous polyposis was detected 4 years later; typical features of Gardner syndrome. This is the third report of a primary CPA craniopharyngioma in a patient with Gardner syndrome. (C) 2010 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved

Pathotype determination of the cereal cyst nematode, Heterodera avenae (Wollenweber, 1924) in the Eastern Mediterranean Region in Turkey

WOS: 000323016600002Karlik (Adana-Saricam), Imece (Hatay-Kirikhan) and Besaslan (Hatay-Reyhanli) populations were used to determine the pathotype of the cereal cyst nematode, Heterodera avenae, in the Eastern Mediterranean Region of Turkey. The pathotypes of H. avenae were investigated by using "The International Test Assortment of Cereal Cultivars". The test was conducted on twelve barley, six oat, six wheat and four control lines (milan, serf, silverstar and croc). Test materials were grouped by three the nematode populations' virulence on resistance (Rha"E", Rha1, Rha2, Rha3, Cre1) and nonresistance genes, varieties and lines. According to results, Rha1 and Rha3 genes gave a resistance response but Rha2 and Cre1 did not. As a result, all populations demonstrated similar reactions and the three nematode populations were consistent with reactions for the Ha21 pathotype of the Ha1 group. This result is the first report on determination of the H. avenae pathotype in Turkey

Removal of clival chordoma in an adolescent thorough combned pterional transsylvian and anterior temporal approach

Extensive and aggressive surgical removal is treatment of choice for patients who have chordomas of the cranial base. Well-developed microsurgical techniques, as well as good surgical judgment learned from experience are essential to avoid major morbidity. A 14-year-old female presented with progressive headaches and diplopia for three months. Cranial magnetic resonance imaging demonstrated a well-circumscribed mass in the clival region. The mass was totally excised via right combined pterional transsylvian and anterior temporal approach (+ orbitozygomatic osteotomy). The tumor was located extradurally. The resected tumor had the typical histological and immunohistochemical characteristics of chordoma. No radiation therapy or chemotherapy was administered

Evaluation of the bony landmarks in transcondylar approach

Background. The aim of this study is to define the anatomic landmarks which are necessary for transcondylar approach and to determine the importance of these structures during surgical resection. Methods. 56 dry skulls were included in this study. Landmarks were detected. Some distances and angles, which were determined before, were measured and the anatomical structures were observed. 21 parameters were examined and analysed in totally 56 dry skulls using 56 foramen magnum, 112 hypoglossal canal and 112 occipital condyles. The landmarks which were used were the anterior and posterior borders of the occipital condyle, the medial and lateral margin of the occipital condyle, basion, opisthion, hypoglossal canal and posterior condylar canal. The measurements were made separately for the right and left sides. Results. The mean length of the occipital condyle was found as 23.1mm. The distance betweeen the intracranial edge of the hypoglossal canal and anterior margin of the occipital condyle was measured as 11.2mm in both sides. The distance betweeen the intracranial edge of the hypoglossal canal and posterior margin of the occipital condyle was measured as 12.5mm at the right side and 12.6mm at the left one. The mean length of the hypoglossal canal was measured as 10.5mm at the right side and 10.6mm at the left one. 14 hypoglossal canals were divided into two compartments by a septum. Conclusions. In transcondylar approach, the anatomical landmarks should be well known in order to make a safe occipital condyle resection. The distance betweeen the intracranial edge of the hypoglossal canal and posterior margin of the occipital condyle is important for a safe occipital condyle resection, and it was found to be 12.55 +/- 0.05mm in our study. Approximately 12mm occipital condyle resection can be made without giving damage to the neural tissue. This value is appropriate to the 1/2 of the occipital condyle

Determination of resistance against to Cereal cyst nematode, Heterodera avenae (Wollenweber, 1924) in some wheat germplasm

WOS: 000323090100009The cereal cyst nematode, Heterodera avenae is one of the most important pests of wheat in many countries in the world with different climatic types. Heterodera. avenae is commonly distributed in the Eastern Mediterranean region of Turkey and all populations investigated belong to the Hal group, Ha21 pathotype. This study was aimed to found resistance sources from the national wheat varieties, wheat wild genotypes and international wheat genotypes against H. avenae Karlik Adana population (Ha21 pathotype). Results showed that four national wheat varieties, seventeen wheat wild genotypes and twenty three international wheat genotypes were found to be moderately resistant against to Eastern Mediterranean Region of Turkey H. avenae population. Among these genotypes, the national bread wheat variety, Adana 99 (PFAU/SERI82//BOG"S"), some wild genotypes and international genotypes can be used in national wheat breeding programmes. However, Crel was not showed completely resistant against H. avenae. Additionally resistance sources in of Turkish national wheat and wild genotypes needs to be determined