Studi Karakteristik Pencatuan Sel Surya Terhadap Suhu Dan Intensitas Cahaya Matahari Di Kota Cilegon

Keterbatasan tersedianya sumber energi fosil sebagai penghasil energi listrik, telah mendorong penelitian dan pengembangan kearah penggunaan sumber energi alternatif, salah satunya adalah sumber energi matahari. Oleh karena itu perlu dilakukan kajian yang lebih detail untuk memahami sistem listrik yang berasal dari sumber energi matahari ini. Peralatan yang digunakan untuk mengubah energi matahari menjadi energi listrik ini adalah sel surya. Dikarenakan energi dari matahari yang ditangkap oleh sel surya berubah-ubah maka perlu dilakukan pengkajian lebih lanjut mengenai efek dari Perubahan intensitas dan temperatur dari sinar matahari. Pengujian ini dilakukan di wilayah cilegon guna menentukan kelayakan penerapan sistem sel surya ini di kota Cilegon. Pada penelitian ini akan dibahas karakterisktik sel surya terhadap Perubahan intensitas cahaya matahari dan suhu. Berdasarkan hasil studi maka didapatkan bahwa Perubahan intensitas matahari sangat berpengaruh terhadap karakteristik sel surya. Dari hasil penelitian dan pendekatan yang dilakukan maka nilai energi harian yang terendah didapatkan pada bulan Februari tahun 2014 yaitu 475,19 Wh dan tertinggi di bulan Oktober tahun 2014 yaitu 781,77 Wh

Mortality from gastrointestinal congenital anomalies at 264 hospitals in 74 low-income, middle-income, and high-income countries: a multicentre, international, prospective cohort study

Background: Congenital anomalies are the fifth leading cause of mortality in children younger than 5 years globally. Many gastrointestinal congenital anomalies are fatal without timely access to neonatal surgical care, but few studies have been done on these conditions in low-income and middle-income countries (LMICs). We compared outcomes of the seven most common gastrointestinal congenital anomalies in low-income, middle-income, and high-income countries globally, and identified factors associated with mortality. // Methods: We did a multicentre, international prospective cohort study of patients younger than 16 years, presenting to hospital for the first time with oesophageal atresia, congenital diaphragmatic hernia, intestinal atresia, gastroschisis, exomphalos, anorectal malformation, and Hirschsprung's disease. Recruitment was of consecutive patients for a minimum of 1 month between October, 2018, and April, 2019. We collected data on patient demographics, clinical status, interventions, and outcomes using the REDCap platform. Patients were followed up for 30 days after primary intervention, or 30 days after admission if they did not receive an intervention. The primary outcome was all-cause, in-hospital mortality for all conditions combined and each condition individually, stratified by country income status. We did a complete case analysis. // Findings: We included 3849 patients with 3975 study conditions (560 with oesophageal atresia, 448 with congenital diaphragmatic hernia, 681 with intestinal atresia, 453 with gastroschisis, 325 with exomphalos, 991 with anorectal malformation, and 517 with Hirschsprung's disease) from 264 hospitals (89 in high-income countries, 166 in middle-income countries, and nine in low-income countries) in 74 countries. Of the 3849 patients, 2231 (58·0%) were male. Median gestational age at birth was 38 weeks (IQR 36–39) and median bodyweight at presentation was 2·8 kg (2·3–3·3). Mortality among all patients was 37 (39·8%) of 93 in low-income countries, 583 (20·4%) of 2860 in middle-income countries, and 50 (5·6%) of 896 in high-income countries (p<0·0001 between all country income groups). Gastroschisis had the greatest difference in mortality between country income strata (nine [90·0%] of ten in low-income countries, 97 [31·9%] of 304 in middle-income countries, and two [1·4%] of 139 in high-income countries; p≤0·0001 between all country income groups). Factors significantly associated with higher mortality for all patients combined included country income status (low-income vs high-income countries, risk ratio 2·78 [95% CI 1·88–4·11], p<0·0001; middle-income vs high-income countries, 2·11 [1·59–2·79], p<0·0001), sepsis at presentation (1·20 [1·04–1·40], p=0·016), higher American Society of Anesthesiologists (ASA) score at primary intervention (ASA 4–5 vs ASA 1–2, 1·82 [1·40–2·35], p<0·0001; ASA 3 vs ASA 1–2, 1·58, [1·30–1·92], p<0·0001]), surgical safety checklist not used (1·39 [1·02–1·90], p=0·035), and ventilation or parenteral nutrition unavailable when needed (ventilation 1·96, [1·41–2·71], p=0·0001; parenteral nutrition 1·35, [1·05–1·74], p=0·018). Administration of parenteral nutrition (0·61, [0·47–0·79], p=0·0002) and use of a peripherally inserted central catheter (0·65 [0·50–0·86], p=0·0024) or percutaneous central line (0·69 [0·48–1·00], p=0·049) were associated with lower mortality. // Interpretation: Unacceptable differences in mortality exist for gastrointestinal congenital anomalies between low-income, middle-income, and high-income countries. Improving access to quality neonatal surgical care in LMICs will be vital to achieve Sustainable Development Goal 3.2 of ending preventable deaths in neonates and children younger than 5 years by 2030

Mortality from gastrointestinal congenital anomalies at 264 hospitals in 74 low-income, middle-income, and high-income countries: a multicentre, international, prospective cohort study

Summary Background Congenital anomalies are the fifth leading cause of mortality in children younger than 5 years globally. Many gastrointestinal congenital anomalies are fatal without timely access to neonatal surgical care, but few studies have been done on these conditions in low-income and middle-income countries (LMICs). We compared outcomes of the seven most common gastrointestinal congenital anomalies in low-income, middle-income, and high-income countries globally, and identified factors associated with mortality. Methods We did a multicentre, international prospective cohort study of patients younger than 16 years, presenting to hospital for the first time with oesophageal atresia, congenital diaphragmatic hernia, intestinal atresia, gastroschisis, exomphalos, anorectal malformation, and Hirschsprung’s disease. Recruitment was of consecutive patients for a minimum of 1 month between October, 2018, and April, 2019. We collected data on patient demographics, clinical status, interventions, and outcomes using the REDCap platform. Patients were followed up for 30 days after primary intervention, or 30 days after admission if they did not receive an intervention. The primary outcome was all-cause, in-hospital mortality for all conditions combined and each condition individually, stratified by country income status. We did a complete case analysis. Findings We included 3849 patients with 3975 study conditions (560 with oesophageal atresia, 448 with congenital diaphragmatic hernia, 681 with intestinal atresia, 453 with gastroschisis, 325 with exomphalos, 991 with anorectal malformation, and 517 with Hirschsprung’s disease) from 264 hospitals (89 in high-income countries, 166 in middleincome countries, and nine in low-income countries) in 74 countries. Of the 3849 patients, 2231 (58·0%) were male. Median gestational age at birth was 38 weeks (IQR 36–39) and median bodyweight at presentation was 2·8 kg (2·3–3·3). Mortality among all patients was 37 (39·8%) of 93 in low-income countries, 583 (20·4%) of 2860 in middle-income countries, and 50 (5·6%) of 896 in high-income countries (p<0·0001 between all country income groups). Gastroschisis had the greatest difference in mortality between country income strata (nine [90·0%] of ten in lowincome countries, 97 [31·9%] of 304 in middle-income countries, and two [1·4%] of 139 in high-income countries; p≤0·0001 between all country income groups). Factors significantly associated with higher mortality for all patients combined included country income status (low-income vs high-income countries, risk ratio 2·78 [95% CI 1·88–4·11], p<0·0001; middle-income vs high-income countries, 2·11 [1·59–2·79], p<0·0001), sepsis at presentation (1·20 [1·04–1·40], p=0·016), higher American Society of Anesthesiologists (ASA) score at primary intervention (ASA 4–5 vs ASA 1–2, 1·82 [1·40–2·35], p<0·0001; ASA 3 vs ASA 1–2, 1·58, [1·30–1·92], p<0·0001]), surgical safety checklist not used (1·39 [1·02–1·90], p=0·035), and ventilation or parenteral nutrition unavailable when needed (ventilation 1·96, [1·41–2·71], p=0·0001; parenteral nutrition 1·35, [1·05–1·74], p=0·018). Administration of parenteral nutrition (0·61, [0·47–0·79], p=0·0002) and use of a peripherally inserted central catheter (0·65 [0·50–0·86], p=0·0024) or percutaneous central line (0·69 [0·48–1·00], p=0·049) were associated with lower mortality. Interpretation Unacceptable differences in mortality exist for gastrointestinal congenital anomalies between lowincome, middle-income, and high-income countries. Improving access to quality neonatal surgical care in LMICs will be vital to achieve Sustainable Development Goal 3.2 of ending preventable deaths in neonates and children younger than 5 years by 2030

Rekrutmen Politik Calon Kepala Daerah (Studi Tentang Seleksi Kandidat pada Partai Amanat Nasional pada Pemilukada di Kota Tasikmalaya Tahun 2017)

Rekrutmen calon kepala daerah merupakan bagian dari proses politik di internal partai dalam menghadapai Pemilukada. Seleksi kandidat merupakan “secret garden” bagi setiap partai, selain itu proses seleksiterkadang mudah dipengaruhi oleh kekuatan lain di luar partai politik. Penelitian ini untuk menjawab pertanyaan penelitian “Bagaimana metode seleksi dalam rekrutmen politik calon kepala daerah oleh Partai Amanat Nasional pada Pemilukada di Kota Tasikmalaya 2017”. Penelitian ini bertujuan untuk menggambarkan, menganalisis seleksi kandidat. Teori yang digunakan adalah teori seleksi kandidat dari Rahat (2001). Hasil penelitian ini menunjukkan bahwa seleksi pada PAN ditentukan oleh elit partai. Seleksi juga dipengaruhi oleh kekuatan “local stronge man” dan financial yang besar. Proses seleksi kandidat pada PAN menunjukan derajat semi demokratis. Tidak terpilihnya kader internal PAN bukan disebabkan kader yang maju tidak berkualitas, akan tetapi proses seleksi kandidat dipengaruhi oleh local stronge man, dan kekuatan financial yang besar

Оцінка сейсмічних впливів на південному схилі Великого Кавказу (Азербайджан) по сценарним землетрусам: параметри і моделі прискорення переміщення грунту

In this paper, earthquake scenarios parameters were assessed for deterministic seis-mic hazard of the southern slope of Greater Caucasus (Azerbaijan). Historically, there occurred strong earthquakes in the studied region. Series of soft and strong earthquakes occurred for the recent years on the southern slope of Greater Caucasus in Azerbaijan in Balakan (14.10.2012, M = 5,6; 29.06.2014, M = 5,3); Zagatala (07.05.2012, M = 5,7; 18.05.2012, M = 5,0; 05.06.2018, M = 5,5); Sheki (earthquake swarm 05.02.2004, M = 3,2 ¸ 4.6); Sheki-Oguz (04.09.2015, M = 5,9); Gabala 04.10.2014, M = 5,0); Ismailli (05.02.2019, M = 5,2) demonstrates the increase of seismic activity in the given region and proves once aga-in the necessity and actuality of continuation of the seismic hazard assessment resear-ches. For earthquake scenarios of various distances, average response spectrum (5 % attenuation) of surface ground fluctuation was plotted, peak ground acceleration were assessed at the maximum magnitude, series of peak ground acceleration models were simulated at respective MSK-64 intensity, and also amplification factor distribution map. The comparative analysis allows presuming that amplification occurs due to the resonance processes, that is, softer soils produce seismic wave amplitude amplification as a result of impedance differences of those layers and harder rocks. Seismic intensity increase is observed in the sites with soft-cemented sand-clayey soils, although with sands-tones, limestone and sandy marlstone of various thicknesses. It is demonstrated that ground displacements are various and not obviously oriented towards seismic source.Оценены параметры сценарных землетрясений для детерминистической оценки сейсмической опасности южного склона Большого Кавказа (Азербайджан). В историческом прошлом в исследуемом регионе происходили сильные землетрясения. Серия ощутимых и сильных землетрясений, произошедших за последние годы на южном склоне Большого Кавказа в пределах территории Азербайджана в Балакане (14.10.2012, M = 5,6; 29.06.2014, M = 5,3) Загатале (07.05.2012, M = 5,7; 18.05.2012, M = 5,0; 05.06.2018, M = 5,5) Шеки ( "рой" землетрясений 05.02.2004, M = 3,2 ё 4,6) Шеки-Огуз (04.09.2015, M = 5,9) Габале (04.10.2014, M = 5,0); Исмаили (05.02.2019, M = 5,2), показывает рост сейсмической активности этого региона и еще раз доказывает необходимость и актуальность продолжения исследований по оценке сейсмической опасности. Для сценарных землетрясений различной удаленности построено средние спектры реакции (при 5% -ном угасании) колебаний поверхности почвы,оценены максимальные горизонтальные ускорения перемещения грунта при максимальной возможной магнитуды, построено серии моделей пиковых ускорений перемещений почвы и соответствующей интенсивности по балльной шкале MSK-64, а также карту распределения амплитуды усиления сейсмической волны. Сравнительный анализ позволяет предположить, что усиление амплитуды волны возникает вследствие резонансных процессов, то есть пухлее слои почвы влияют на увеличение амплитуды сейсмической волны вследствие разности импедансов этих слоев и более твердых пород. увеличение интенсивности сейсмичности наблюдается на участках с пропластками слабозцементованих песчано-глинистых отложений, хотя существуют слои песчаников, известняков и песчаных мергелей различной мощности. Показано, что перемещения грунта не является одномерными и не ориентированы строго по направлению на сейсмическое источник.Оцінено параметри сценарних землетрусів для детерміністичної оцінки сейсмічної небезпеки південного схилу Великого Кавказу (Азербайджан). В історичному минулому у досліджуваному регіоні відбувалися сильні землетруси. Серія відчутних і сильних землетрусів, що сталися за останні роки на південному схилі Великого Кавказу в межах території Азербайджану в Балакане (14.10.2012, M = 5,6; 29.06.2014, M = 5,3); Загаталі (07.05.2012, M = 5,7; 18.05.2012, M = 5,0; 05.06.2018, M = 5,5); Шеки (“рій” землетрусів 05.02.2004, M = 3,2 ё 4,6); Шеки-Огуз (04.09.2015, M = 5,9); Габалі (04.10.2014, M = 5,0 ); Ісмаїлі (05.02.2019, M = 5,2 ), показує зростання сейсмічної активності цього регіону і ще раз доводить необхідність і актуальність продовження досліджень з оцінювання сейсмічної небезпеки. Для сценарних землетрусів різної віддаленості побудовано середні спектри реакції (при 5%-му згасанні) коливань поверхні ґрунту,оцінено максимальні горизонтальні прискорення переміщення ґрунту за максимальної можливої магнітуди, побудовано серії моделей пікових прискорень переміщень ґрунту і відповідної інтенсивності за бальною шкалою MSK-64, а також карту розподілу амплітуди посилення сейсмічної волни. Порівняльний аналіз дає змогу припустити, що посилення амплітуди хвилі виникає внаслідок резонансних процесів, тобто пухкіші шари ґрунту впливають на збільшення амплітуди сейсмічної хвилі внаслідок різниці імпедансів цих шарів і твердіших порід . Збільшення інтенсивності сейсмічності спостерігається на ділянках з пропластками слабозцементованих піщано-глинистих відкладів, хоча існують шари пісковиків, вапняків і піщаних мергелів різної потужності. Показано, що переміщення ґрунту не є одновимірними і не орієнтовані чітко за напрямком на сейсмічне джерело