"Nanjing! Nanjing! (City of Life and Death); A Chinese Docudrama Movie: Martyred Nation, Collective Memory, and Exalted Nationalism in Contemporary China”

1980年代是中国另一种电影复兴的时代。由于政治方针的转变，中国将南京大屠杀这段屈辱的历史视为国难，大批以南京大屠杀为题材的电影涌向了大荧幕。这个时期生产了一些带有民族主义倾向的电影，它们具有明显的宣传性质。这些真正描写侵略战争的电影塑造了妖魔化的日本民族和遭受苦难的中华民族。 2009年，年轻的导演陆川带来了他的新电影《南京！南京！》（又名《生死之城》），影片以不同的视角叙述了南京大屠杀。它打破了对南京电影刻画的传统，将敌人进行了“人性化”描写。这就是为什么他一直是是极端民族主义严厉批评的对象，他们认为从他的第三长特写中，可以看出这是一部亲日的电影。我们的研究重点是关于电影中传达的集体记忆...The 1980s were a period of revival of another kind for cinematography in China. This cinematography was the depiction of Nanjing massacres which flooded the screen via a changing PRC political agenda that provided this “humiliation” with a historical-political value by sanctifying it as a “National martyrdom”. This cinematography produced movies with nationalist and propagandist trends, a genuinel...学位：历史学硕士院系专业：人文学院历史学系_专门史学号：1012008115374

Study of the Rwandan learners' intelligibility in spoken English

The present study investigates the phonological productive and perceptual competence of a group of Rwandan learners of English and the effect that phonological deviations have on their intelligibility and comprehension in spoken English. In order to discover the hierarchy and degree of difficulty these subjects have in the segmental and suprasegmental features of English, productive and perceptual tests of words and sentences were designed and administered to a group of 60 subjects. The study also attempts to explain the effect of various interlanguage phenomena which occur in the production and perception of the pronunciation of English by Rwandan speakers. The results of this study support many of the claims of CA, EA and phonological interlanguage. Chapter One gives background sociolinguistic information on the roles of Kinyarwanda, French, Kiswahili and English in Rwanda. Chapter Two discusses a number of theoretical key issues involved in language learning and acquisition. Chapter Three defines the topic of the study, i.e. intelligibility and comprehension, to gain insight into the study and to provide a framework for the research design and methodology. Chapter Four is a description of the Kinyarwanda and English phonological systems, which is the basis of the predictions of the difficulties and the design of data for Chapters Five and Six. Chapter Five analyses, categorizes and explains the source of deviations in the data gathered from subjects' pronunciation of words and sentences as interpreted by native English speakers. Chapter Six analyzes the effect of phonological deviations on the subjects' comprehension of spoken English. Chapter Seven concludes the whole study with a discussion of the major findings, and suggests some useful steps towards more effective teaching of the pronunciation for better intelligibility and comprehension in English

Mental and physical health in Rwanda 14years after the genocide

Purpose: To examine the socio-demographic determinants of post-traumatic stress disorder (PTSD) and its association with major depressive episode and self-perceived physical and mental health in a large random sample of the Rwandan population 14years after the 1994 genocide. Methods: Using the Mini International Neuropsychiatric Interview and Medical Outcomes Study 36-Item Short-Form (SF-36) translated in Kinyarwanda, we interviewed 1,000 adult residents from the five provinces of Rwanda. Socio-demographic data and specific somatic symptoms were also recorded. Data analysis included 962 questionnaires. Results: Participants were predominantly female (58.9%), aged between 16 and 34years (53.2%), with a low level of education (79.7% below secondary school). Prevalence of PTSD was estimated to be 26.1%. In multivariable analysis, factors associated with PTSD were being aged between 25 and 34years, living in extreme poverty, having endured the murder of a close relative in 1994, being widowed or remarried, having lost both parents and living in the South Province. Participants who fulfilled diagnostic criteria for PTSD were significantly more often affected with major depression (68.4 vs. 6.6%, P<0.001) and substance dependence (7.6 vs. 3.5%, P=0.013) than respondents without PTSD. They scored significantly lower on all SF-36 subscales. Somatic symptoms such as hiccups, fainting and loss of speech or hearing delineated a specific pattern of post-traumatic stress syndrome. Conclusions: PTSD remains a significant public health problem in Rwanda 14years after the genocide. Facilitating access to appropriate care for all those who need it should be a national priorit

Accuracy of straight leg raise and slump tests in detecting lumbar disc herniation: a pilot study

A research paper on low back pain (LBP) observed and studied in Kigali, Rwanda.Low back pain (LBP) is the most common musculoskeletal condition, with a lifetime prevalence of 84% in the general adult population. One often diagnosed cause id a herniated inter-vertebral disc exerting pressure on the nerve root. This is clinically termed lumbar disc herniation (LDH). In LDH, physical examination findings, reported symptoms, and findings on the imaging technique do not always correlate

Addressing the treatment gap and societal impact of epilepsy in Rwanda: results of a survey conducted in 2005 and subsequent actions

This study, supported by the Rwandan Ministry of Health and the World Health Organization, was conducted in 2005 to determine the prevalence of epilepsy and its sociocultural perception in Rwanda, as well as epilepsy-related knowledge and practices of health-care professionals (HCPs). A cross-sectional, nationally representative survey was conducted throughout Rwanda by trained investigators. Participants were recruited by random cluster sampling based on the organization of administrative units in the country. Overall, 1137 individuals (62% from rural areas) were interviewed. The prevalence of epilepsy was estimated to be 49 per 1000 people or 41 per 1000 for active epilepsy. Onset of epilepsy before the age of 2 years was reported in 32% of the cases. Family history of epilepsy, head trauma, and premature delivery were reported in 53%, 50%, and 68% of the cases, respectively. Most (68%) patients did not receive any medical treatment for epilepsy; 21.5% had received some form of traditional treatment. According to responses from the general population, people with epilepsy should not be entitled to schooling (according to 66%), to work (according to 72%), to the use of public places (according to 69%), or to marriage (according to 66%). Furthermore, 50% believed that epilepsy was untreatable, and 40% thought that it was transmissible. Of the 29 HCPs interviewed, the majority knew the definition of epilepsy and status epilepticus, as well as basic treatment options and side effects. However, 90% believed that treatment was only necessary in the first week after a seizure. Living with epilepsy was associated heavily with stigma, and a significant treatment gap (68%) was identified. Following this study, numerous actions have been taken by the Rwandan government, the Rwandan League Against Epilepsy, and several non-governmental organizations to increase awareness about epilepsy and to close the treatment gap. An overview of these activities is provided

The Effect of Water Hyacinth (Eichhornia crassipes) Organic Fertilizer on The Vegetative Growth of Carrot (Daucus carota), Royal Chantenay Variety

This study conducted in Gasabo District, Nyacyonga marshland aimed to investigate the effect of water hyacinth (Eichhornia crassipes) organic fertilizer on the vegetative growth of the Royal Chantenay variety of carrot (Daucus carota). The experiment was conducted using a randomized complete block design (RCBD) with three replications. Four treatments were applied: T1 (control, no fertilizer), T2 (NPK 17-17-17), T3 (25% water hyacinth organic fertilizer + 75% NPK 17-17-17), and T4 (50% water hyacinth organic fertilizer + 50% NPK 17-17-17). The growth parameters assessed included plant height, leaf number, and root diameter. Results showed that the application of water hyacinth organic fertilizer significantly influenced the vegetative growth of Royal Chantenay carrot plants. T3 and T4 treatments enhanced plant height, leaf number, and root diameter compared to the control (T1) and NPK 17-17-17 (T2). The highest vegetative growth parameters were observed in T4, indicating that a higher concentration of water hyacinth organic fertilizer positively affected the growth of carrot plants. The findings suggest that water hyacinth organic fertilizer can be a viable alternative to chemical fertilizers in promoting the vegetative growth of Royal Chantenay carrot plants. The utilization of water hyacinth as an organic fertilizer can contribute to sustainable agricultural practices by reducing dependence on synthetic inputs