CALCIURIA IN CHILDREN WITH PRIMARY MONO-SYMPTOMATIC NOCTURNAL ENURESIS

Introduction: The prevalence of idiopathic hypercalciuria (IH) in healthy pediatric population ranges from 3.0% to 7.0%. There is insufficient data about IH in children with mono-symptomatic enuresis. The aim of this study was to examine calcium excretion in urine (UCa) in patients with primary mono-symptomatic nocturnal enuresis (PMNE). Methods: In patients with PMNE, aged 5 to 17 years, IH was determined in 24-h urine and from second morning spot urine. The completeness of the 24-h urine collections was estimated via measuring 24h-urine creatinine excretion (UCr) of 0.1–0.2 mmol/kg/24h. Results: Sixty patients with PMNE, 32 males and 28 girls, median age of 9 years were enrolled in the study. Only 41.7% patients successfully completed 24 h urine collection. IH, defined as 24-h UCa >0.1 mmol/kg body weight, was diagnosed in 12% of the patients, while when defined as UCa/UCr >0.8 mmol/mmol in children 5-7 years and >0.6 mmol/mmol in those>7 years, IH was 8.3% and 6.7% from 24h- urine and spot urine, respectively. Conclusion: Children and adolescents with PMNE are in risk of hypercalciuria. Therefore, it is useful to examine 24 hours of urine calcium excretion in these patients

On dental erosive wear among different groups in Norway : scoring systems, prevalence and risk indicators

The substantial reductions in prevalence and severity of the most common dental diseases, dental caries and periodontal diseases, have caused a change in the perception of and focus on dental erosive wear. Diagnosis of the condition and early identification of individuals at risk are essential to establish preventive strategies. The overall aim was to gain knowledge about the prevalence and distribution of dental erosive wear in different population groups in Norway, particularly in those who may be at risk. A second objective was to identify related risk indicators; this may increase the possibility of targeting these individuals for preventive measures. The thesis is based on cross-sectional studies, data collected during clinical examinations, by use of questionnaires and by measuring saliva. The study participants were 18-year-old adolescents enrolled in the Public Dental Health Services in Oslo (Paper I-III), physically active young adults aged 18-30 years at a fitness-centre in Oslo (Paper IV) and professional wine tasters employed at the Vinmonopolet AS, Norway (Paper V). The studies showed that the prevalence of dental erosive wear was high, 38% of the 18-year-olds and 64% of the individuals who exercised regularly had dental erosive wear. Even though no association was found between the duration of being a wine taster and occurrence of lesions, half of the wine tasters were registered as having dental erosive lesions, compared with 20% in an age- and sex matched comparison group. Among 18-year-olds, being male, occupational status, frequent consumption of fruit juice and sugary soft drinks, as well as reported occurrence of reflux and vomiting, were all associated with erosive wear. The results suggest that decreased stimulated salivary flow rate during exercise was associated with erosive lesions. Dental erosive wear is a common, multifactorial condition. Certain life-style factors may increase the risk of erosive wear and the identification of these may increase the possibility of targeting individuals with the highest risk so that preventive strategies may be established

Tobacco, alcohol, drugs consumption, and perception about the family functioning among adolescents in Tuzla Canton

Introduction: Family is a strong communicative base of adolescent development, even though environment has its own influence as well. The study links the risks and substance use (tobacco, alcohol, and drugs) among adolescents to their perception about the functioning of family. Hence, a model of functional communication has been established aimed at preventing the defined problem. Methods: A random, voluntary, and anonymous survey was conducted that included a non-clinical sample of 1.018 adolescents in the Tuzla Canton. In a prospective method, the Youth Risk Behavior Surveillance System of the World Health Organization (WHO) was used, modified for this study. Results: The average prevalence of substance use is 81.2% and is significant for male adolescents. Some 33% of the respondents smoke tobacco, 25.4% drinks alcohol, while 12% of the surveyed adolescents use drugs. There is a significant correlation between a complete and broader family and tobacco and alcohol use, while incomplete family and household without family members are linked to tobacco use only. The risk of alcohol use is significantly related to father’s higher level of education while mother’s high school education is significantly related to tobacco and alcohol use. As perceived by adolescents, parents have negative attitudes about substance use (75%), they are more strict in setting the rules of behavior at home (45.5%) than outside, and control where more than with whom adolescents spend their free time (F=14.14, df [2.6], p<0.05). Conclusion: The functioning of a family (family structure, parents’ education, and the quality of communication in a family) is a significant factor in the context of tobacco, alcohol, and drug use

THE IMPORTANCE OF ANTHROPOMETRIC PAREMETERS IN PATIENTS WITH SUBCLINICAL HYPOTHYROIDISM

Introduction: The concept of subclinical thyroid disease appeared in the 1980s when sensitive procedures for the measurement of the thyroid-stimulating hormone in the serum were introduced. Subclinical hypothyroidism is defined by the finding of elevated serum TSH concentrations with normal thyroid hormone levels. The incidence of subclinical hypothyroidism with increased cardiovascular risk has not yet been fully clarified. The aim of the study was to identify anthropometric parameters that may indicate an increased cardiometabolic risk in patients with subclinical hypothyroidism. Method: The study will include 140 patients aged 18-65, with 105 patients with subclinical hypothyroidism and a control group of 35 healthy, normally nourished subjects without subclinical hypothyroidism. A program of research will be carried out in all patients and it will include: detailed anamnesis and physical examination, anthropometric measurements (weight measurements, body height, waist circumference, hip circumference, body weight mass measurement by the bioelectrical impedance analysis method (%BFP), calculation of: body mass index (BMI), waist-to-hip circumference ratio (WC/HC), waist-to-height ratio (WC/Ht) and laboratory testing (FT3, FT4, TSH). Results: Examinees with subclinical hypothyroidism had statistically significantly elevated mean TSH values (6.87+1.34 mIU/ml) compared to TSH euthyroid examinees (1.9+.88 mIU/ml). The mean age of subjects with subclinical hypothyroidism was 44.15±11.23 years (MA = 43 years), and in subjects without subclinical hypothyroidism, 33.80±10.60 years (MA = 33 years). In relation to the control group (euthyroid patients), patients with subclinical form of hypothyroidism had higher average mean values and statistically significantly higher incidence of elevated values: BMI (T test=7.465, p<0.0001; c2=35.977, p<0.0001), %BFP (T test=8.594, p<0.0001; c2=44.956, p<0.0001), WC (T test=6.262, p<0.0001; c2=48.865,p<0.0001), and WC/Ht ratio (T test=7.372, p<0.0001; c2=39.175, p<0.0001). The WC/HC ratio in the group with subclinical hypothyroidism was higher than in the group without subclinical hypothyroidism, but not statistically significant (T test=-0.946, p= ns; c2=0.622, p=0). Conclusion: In the subclinical form of hypothyroidism, changes in the degree of nutrition and body weight can already be recorded, which, among other things, contributes to the development of increased cardiometabolic risk

Socialt arbete med ensamkommande barn- Om ensamkommande pojkars upplevelser av Socialtjänsten

Title: A qualitative study of unaccompanied children’s experiences of Swedish social services. Authors: Sanela Eminovic and Edina Mulic Supervisor: Lupita Svensson The primary purpose of this study is to illuminate and increase knowledge on the relationship between unaccompanied children and Swedish social services. The study addresses three main subjects: When looking back on their first meeting with a Swedish social worker, how did the unaccompanied children experience the first meeting? Second, how do they experience their continuous contact with their social worker? And lastly, what is their definition of a “good” social worker? To examine these three questions, the method used was was qualitative focus group interviews with unaccompanied children. The interviews were then analyzed using already existent research on unaccompanied children and system theory. The main results of the study shows that the relationship unaccompanied children have with their social worker differ, from good to not so good. The majority of the interviewed children described their first meeting as stressful and nervous. They had difficulties of separating social services and the immigration office. The continuous contact with their social worker depended on which social worker they got: some were, according to the children, “good” and some were “bad”. And, what is a “good” social worker? The results showed that a good social worker is one that listens, kept their promises, helped the children with reuniting with their families and included them in decisions regarding their living situation

TYPES OF TREMOR IN PATIENTS WITH CEREBROVASCULAR DISEASES AND CARDIOVASCULAR EVENTS

Abstract: Introduction: Tremor can occur as a part of the clinical picture of cerebrovascular diseases. Many patients with cerebral stroke have cardiovascular diseases as a comorbidity or complication of stroke; sometimes cardiovascular events can lead to embolic stroke. Aim: To present types of tremor in patients with cerebrovascular diseases and cardiovascular events and diabetes mellitus type 2, clinical characteristics of tremor and investigations used. Material and methods: In our study we included 36 patients, 24 men and 12 women, that were examined and followed for 3 years, from 2012-2015. All patients were subjected to the following investigations: neurological examination, laboratory analysis, computerized tomography of brain, magnetic resonance imaging and electroencephalography. In cardiovascular patients we also performed Doppler sonography of carotid arteries, electrocardiography, cardiac ultrasound. The patients were examined and treated by cardiologists. Results: Of all patients 22% had cerebral infarction, 41% atherosclerosis, 36% multiple lacunar infarctions and 28% diabetes mellitus type 2. Three patients with cerebral infarction had chorea, hemiballismus, dystonia and dystonic tremor, three had postural tremor and two cerebellar intention tremor. Atherosclerotic patients had atherosclerotic action tremor, while diabetic patients predominantly had with action-type tremor. Electroencephalography showed irritative basic brain activity with slow waves, while carotid arteries stenosis was diagnosed by Doppler sonography. Computerized tomography of the brain and magnetic resonance imaging revealed cerebrovascular diseases in certain areas. Patients with cardiomyopathy, rhythm disorders, high blood pressure, hyperlipidemia was investigated and medically treated by a cardiologist. Conclusion: In cerebrovascular diseases different types of tremor can occur as a result of damage of the extrapyramidal system

Stainless-steel crowns in children : Norwegian and Finnish dentists' knowledge, practice and challenges

BackgroundStainless-steel crowns (SSCs) are recommended for restorative treatment of young teeth severely affected by caries, fractures or dental developmental disorders (DDDs). However, despite recommendations and clinical evidence, SSCs are not widely used by general dentists, who favour extraction and more conventional restorations. The present study aimed to investigate the views of and use of SSCs among Norwegian and Finnish dentists.MethodsThe present study was a cross-sectional survey among Norwegian and Finnish dentists. An electronic questionnaire was sent to Norwegian and Finnish dentists asking whether they used SSCs and on which indications. In addition, the questionnaire assessed reasons for non-use and dentists' perceptions regarding advantages and challenges in the use of SSCs, as well as the need for additional training. Distributions of background characteristics, use of and views on SSCs were calculated, and statistical significance of the associations between respondents' background and their answers were evaluated.ResultsOf the 574 Norwegian and 765 Finnish respondents, only 12.0% and 12.9% reported to use SSCs, respectively. The most frequently reported barrier reported by those who did not use SSCs was lack of practical training. The most frequent challenge reported by those using SSCs was difficulties in crown adjustment followed by aesthetic issues, and the most frequently reported advantage was that SSCs maintain the function and occlusion. The majority of respondents reported a need for more information and practical training in the use of SSCs, with hands-on course as their most frequently preferred education type.ConclusionAlthough the value of SSCs for restoring young molars is recognized by Norwegian and Finnish dentists, SSCs are rarely used by general dentists. The majority of the respondents reported lack of training and materials and was interested in receiving more information and education.Peer reviewe

Estimating molar-incisor-hypomineralization among 8-year-olds based on 15-year public oral health practice-based data

Background:A wide range in the prevalence of molar-incisor-hypomineralization (MIH) has been reported. Population-based studies are recommended. However, such studies are expensive and time-consuming. Objectives:To estimate the magnitude of MIH condition among 8-year-olds based on routine oral health examinations and to associate first permanent molar (FPM) affection with that of other permanent teeth over time. Materials and methods:This retrospective study, with cross-sectional and longitudinal components, was based on electronic oral health records; all 8-year-olds examined between 2002 and 2016 were included. Results:The average estimated prevalence of MIH was 8.3%; yearly range was 4.8-15.9%. The mean number of affected teeth was 1.4; 62% had one affected tooth. One-surface defects were the most frequent (66%). Asymmetric distribution of affected teeth was observed. In follow-up, 10.7%, 8.4%, and 11.2% had at least one affected permanent canine, premolar, or second permanent molar, respectively. The proportion of children with other MIH-affected permanent teeth was higher in the group with >= 2 MIH-affected teeth than in group with one affected FPM at the age of 8. Conclusions:The average prevalence of MIH was comparable to that reported elsewhere. The number of MIH-affected teeth at early mixed dentition predicts the affection of other permanent teeth over time, mainly that of permanent canines. Further screening of children with MIH is recommended to improve individually tailored early preventive and restorative dental care.Peer reviewe

Survival of primary molars with pulpotomy interventions : public oral health practice-based study in Helsinki

Objectives To assess long-term survival of pulpotomized primary molars and factors related to the survival of the teeth. Materials and methods This retrospective longitudinal study was based on electronic dental health records of children who attended public health service. Eligible children werePeer reviewe