In Search of Magnetic Properties of Samarium Cobalt (Sm2Co17) within a Low-Temperature Sintering Process

Samarium cobalt is known as super high density magnetic material with large magnetic anisotropy energy. Samarium–cobalt exhibits manipulative magnetic properties as a rare-earth material which has different properties in a low sintering temperature. It is therefore of paramount importance to investigate samarium cobalt (Sm2Co17) magnetic properties in the low temperature sintering condition. Sm2Co17, which is utilized in this research, is synthesized via the sol–gel process at sintering temperatures of 400, 500, and 600 °C. Subsequently, the crystallites indicate the formation of a single-phase Sm2Co17 on all the samples in all temperature variations. Moreover, the peaks in the X-ray diffraction analysis of crystallite sizes calculated using the Scherrer equation are 17.730, 15.197, and 13.296 nm at 400, 500, and 600 °C. Through scanning electron microscopy, the particles are found to be relatively large and agglomerated, with average sizes of 143.65, 168.78, and 237.26 nm. The functional groups are also analyzed via Fourier-transform infrared spectroscopy, which results in the appearance of several bonds in the samples, for example, alkyl halides, alkanes, and esters with aromatic functional groups on the fingerprint area and alkynes, alkyl halides, and alcohol functional groups at a wavelength of above 1500 cm. The test results of the magnetic properties using vibrating-sample magnetometer (VSM) revealed high coercivity and retentivity in the samples sintered at 400 °C. However, the highest saturation occurs in the samples sintered at 600 ℃. At a low sintering temperature (below 1000 °C), samarium cobalt shows as the soft magnetic material. Copyright © 2021 by Authors, Published by BCREC Group. This is an open access article under the CC BY-SA License (https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0).

Variance targeting estimator for GJR-GARCH under model’s misspecification

The application of the Variance Targeting Estimator (VTE) is considered in GJR-GARCH(1,1) model, under three misspecification scenarios, which are, model misspecification, initial parameters misspecification and innovation distribution assumption misspecification. A simulation study has been performed to evaluate the performance of VTE compared to commonly used, which is the Quasi Maximum Likelihood Estimator (QMLE). The data has been simulated under GJR-GARCH(1,1) process with initial parameters ω = 0.1, α = 0.05, β = 0.85, γ = 0.1 and an innovation with a true normal distribution. Three misspecification innovation assumptions, which are normal distribution, Student-t distribution and the GED distribution have been used. Meanwhile, for the misspecified initial parameters, the first initial parameters have been setup as ω = 1, α = 0, β = 0 and γ = 0. Furthermore, the application of VTE as an estimator has also been evaluated under real data sets and three selected indices, which are the FTSE Bursa Malaysia Kuala Lumpur Index (FBMKLCI), the Singapore Straits Time Index (STI) and the Jakarta Composite Index (JCI). Based on the results, VTE has performed very well compared to QMLE under both simulation and the applications of real data sets, which can be considered as an alternative estimator when performing GARCH model, especially the GJR-GARCH

CamTrapAsia: A dataset of tropical forest vertebrate communities from 239 camera trapping studies

Information on tropical Asian vertebrates has traditionally been sparse, particularly when it comes to cryptic species inhabiting the dense forests of the region. Vertebrate populations are declining globally due to land‐use change and hunting, the latter frequently referred as “defaunation.” This is especially true in tropical Asia where there is extensive land‐use change and high human densities. Robust monitoring requires that large volumes of vertebrate population data be made available for use by the scientific and applied communities. Camera traps have emerged as an effective, non‐invasive, widespread, and common approach to surveying vertebrates in their natural habitats. However, camera‐derived datasets remain scattered across a wide array of sources, including published scientific literature, gray literature, and unpublished works, making it challenging for researchers to harness the full potential of cameras for ecology, conservation, and management. In response, we collated and standardized observations from 239 camera trap studies conducted in tropical Asia. There were 278,260 independent records of 371 distinct species, comprising 232 mammals, 132 birds, and seven reptiles. The total trapping effort accumulated in this data paper consisted of 876,606 trap nights, distributed among Indonesia, Singapore, Malaysia, Bhutan, Thailand, Myanmar, Cambodia, Laos, Vietnam, Nepal, and far eastern India. The relatively standardized deployment methods in the region provide a consistent, reliable, and rich count data set relative to other large‐scale pressence‐only data sets, such as the Global Biodiversity Information Facility (GBIF) or citizen science repositories (e.g., iNaturalist), and is thus most similar to eBird. To facilitate the use of these data, we also provide mammalian species trait information and 13 environmental covariates calculated at three spatial scales around the camera survey centroids (within 10‐, 20‐, and 30‐km buffers). We will update the dataset to include broader coverage of temperate Asia and add newer surveys and covariates as they become available. This dataset unlocks immense opportunities for single‐species ecological or conservation studies as well as applied ecology, community ecology, and macroecology investigations. The data are fully available to the public for utilization and research. Please cite this data paper when utilizing the data

Mortality from gastrointestinal congenital anomalies at 264 hospitals in 74 low-income, middle-income, and high-income countries: a multicentre, international, prospective cohort study

Summary Background Congenital anomalies are the fifth leading cause of mortality in children younger than 5 years globally. Many gastrointestinal congenital anomalies are fatal without timely access to neonatal surgical care, but few studies have been done on these conditions in low-income and middle-income countries (LMICs). We compared outcomes of the seven most common gastrointestinal congenital anomalies in low-income, middle-income, and high-income countries globally, and identified factors associated with mortality. Methods We did a multicentre, international prospective cohort study of patients younger than 16 years, presenting to hospital for the first time with oesophageal atresia, congenital diaphragmatic hernia, intestinal atresia, gastroschisis, exomphalos, anorectal malformation, and Hirschsprung’s disease. Recruitment was of consecutive patients for a minimum of 1 month between October, 2018, and April, 2019. We collected data on patient demographics, clinical status, interventions, and outcomes using the REDCap platform. Patients were followed up for 30 days after primary intervention, or 30 days after admission if they did not receive an intervention. The primary outcome was all-cause, in-hospital mortality for all conditions combined and each condition individually, stratified by country income status. We did a complete case analysis. Findings We included 3849 patients with 3975 study conditions (560 with oesophageal atresia, 448 with congenital diaphragmatic hernia, 681 with intestinal atresia, 453 with gastroschisis, 325 with exomphalos, 991 with anorectal malformation, and 517 with Hirschsprung’s disease) from 264 hospitals (89 in high-income countries, 166 in middleincome countries, and nine in low-income countries) in 74 countries. Of the 3849 patients, 2231 (58·0%) were male. Median gestational age at birth was 38 weeks (IQR 36–39) and median bodyweight at presentation was 2·8 kg (2·3–3·3). Mortality among all patients was 37 (39·8%) of 93 in low-income countries, 583 (20·4%) of 2860 in middle-income countries, and 50 (5·6%) of 896 in high-income countries (p<0·0001 between all country income groups). Gastroschisis had the greatest difference in mortality between country income strata (nine [90·0%] of ten in lowincome countries, 97 [31·9%] of 304 in middle-income countries, and two [1·4%] of 139 in high-income countries; p≤0·0001 between all country income groups). Factors significantly associated with higher mortality for all patients combined included country income status (low-income vs high-income countries, risk ratio 2·78 [95% CI 1·88–4·11], p<0·0001; middle-income vs high-income countries, 2·11 [1·59–2·79], p<0·0001), sepsis at presentation (1·20 [1·04–1·40], p=0·016), higher American Society of Anesthesiologists (ASA) score at primary intervention (ASA 4–5 vs ASA 1–2, 1·82 [1·40–2·35], p<0·0001; ASA 3 vs ASA 1–2, 1·58, [1·30–1·92], p<0·0001]), surgical safety checklist not used (1·39 [1·02–1·90], p=0·035), and ventilation or parenteral nutrition unavailable when needed (ventilation 1·96, [1·41–2·71], p=0·0001; parenteral nutrition 1·35, [1·05–1·74], p=0·018). Administration of parenteral nutrition (0·61, [0·47–0·79], p=0·0002) and use of a peripherally inserted central catheter (0·65 [0·50–0·86], p=0·0024) or percutaneous central line (0·69 [0·48–1·00], p=0·049) were associated with lower mortality. Interpretation Unacceptable differences in mortality exist for gastrointestinal congenital anomalies between lowincome, middle-income, and high-income countries. Improving access to quality neonatal surgical care in LMICs will be vital to achieve Sustainable Development Goal 3.2 of ending preventable deaths in neonates and children younger than 5 years by 2030

In Search of Magnetic Properties of Samarium Cobalt (Sm2Co17) within a Low-Temperature Sintering Process

Samarium cobalt is known as super high density magnetic material with large magnetic anisotropy energy. Samarium–cobalt exhibits manipulative magnetic properties as a rare-earth material which has different properties in a low sintering temperature. It is therefore of paramount importance to investigate samarium cobalt (Sm2Co17) magnetic properties in the low temperature sintering condition. Sm2Co17, which is utilized in this research, is synthesized via the sol–gel process at sintering temperatures of 400, 500, and 600 °C. Subsequently, the crystallites indicate the formation of a single-phase Sm2Co17 on all the samples in all temperature variations. Moreover, the peaks in the X-ray diffraction analysis of crystallite sizes calculated using the Scherrer equation are 17.730, 15.197, and 13.296 nm at 400, 500, and 600 °C. Through scanning electron microscopy, the particles are found to be relatively large and agglomerated, with average sizes of 143.65, 168.78, and 237.26 nm. The functional groups are also analyzed via Fourier-transform infrared spectroscopy, which results in the appearance of several bonds in the samples, for example, alkyl halides, alkanes, and esters with aromatic functional groups on the fingerprint area and alkynes, alkyl halides, and alcohol functional groups at a wavelength of above 1500 cm. The test results of the magnetic properties using vibrating-sample magnetometer (VSM) revealed high coercivity and retentivity in the samples sintered at 400 °C. However, the highest saturation occurs in the samples sintered at 600 ℃. At a low sintering temperature (below 1000 °C), samarium cobalt shows as the soft magnetic material. Copyright © 2021 by Authors, Published by BCREC Group. This is an open access article under the CC BY-SA License (https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0).

Finite element simulation of equal channel angular pressing: effect of die angle and number of passes

Equal channel angular pressing (ECAP) is one of the popular severe plastic deformation processes used to produce bulk nanostructured materials. The degree of homogeneity of nanostructured is affected by various die parameters. In this paper, the effect of internal die angle (ϕ) and number of passes (N) on the strain behaviour of Aluminium Alloy 6061 (AA6061) during ECAP was investigated by using three-dimensional finite element analysis. The effect of number of passes and die angle on the homogeneity within the workpiece was analysed in terms of contours, radial view contour and inhomogeneity index. The analysis is done by comparing workpiece extruded up to 8 passes at die angle of 120° and 126°. It is observed that the resulting strain is higher at 120° die. However, the inhomogeneity index is decreasing in a similar pattern in both dies. The simulation results shed some lights on the optimum design of ECAP die for homogeneous microstructure

Electromyograph (EMG) signal analysis to predict muscle fatigue during driving

Electromyography (EMG) signal obtained from muscles need advance methods for detection, processing and classification. The purpose of this paper is to analyze muscle fatigue from EMG signals. At beginning, 15 subjects will an-swer a set of questionnaires. The score of the questionnaires will be calculated and the score will determine if the driver is fatigue or mild fatigue or fatigue based on their driving habit. Next, EMG signals will be collected by placing two surface electrodes on the Brachioradialis muscle located at the forearm while driving Need For Speed (NFS) game. A simulation set of steering and pedals will be controlled during the driving game. The drivers drive for two hours and the EMG signal will be collected during they are driving. The output signals will be pre-process to remove any noise in the signal. After that, the data is normalized between value 0 to 1 and the signal is analyzed using frequency analysis and time analysis. Mean and variance will be calculated for time domain analysis and graph of mean vs variance is plotted. In frequency domain analysis, Power Spec-tral Density (PSD) is extracted from the peak frequency of PSD in each signal is obtained. All result will be divided into three classes: non-fatigue, mild-fatigue and fatigue. Based on result obtained in time domain, average normalized mean (non-fatigue: 0.5004), (mild-fatigue: 0.497) and (fatigue: 0.494). While, for fre-quency domain analysis, average peak frequency (non-fatigue: 13.379Hz), (mild-fatigue: 11.969Hz) and (fatigue: 12.782Hz)

Classification of lubricant oil geometrical odor-profile using cased-based reasoning

The Lubricant oil is one of the petroleum refinery product. The lubricant oil usage is very important in order to make sure the operation of vehicle engine at the highest performance. In determining the lubricant oil adulteration level, there were so many method of classification using various instrument such as ICP-MS, AAS and Dielectric Spectroscopy. E-nose is one of the significant instrument using odor approach to classify the odor of the sample. The purpose of this study is to classify the lubricant oil degradation level based on odor-pattern that extracted from the odor data that collected using electronic nose. The lubricant oil sample consist of 4 level of lubricant oil adulteration level which are virgin lube oil, 3000KM, 7000KM and 10000KM lubricant oil sample. Pre-processing technique were applied by implementing normalization formulation in order to standardize the odor raw data. Normalized data very beneficial in features extraction process, so that the significant odor-patterns can be established. In this study, geometry average calculation method was applied in order to establish the odor-profile for lubricant oil sample. The odor-pattern then were classified using case-based reasoning classifier. Based on the classification results, it shows that the accuracy of the classification is100% correct classification

Effect of emulsion fuel on engine emissions-A review

Emulsion fuel is an unconventional fuel for diesel engines, which can be used without modifications in the engine. The benefits of an emulsion fuel include lowering the emissions of nitrogen oxides (NO x ) and particulate matter (PM) which are harmful to health and cause diesel engines to suffer. This paper explains in detail the effect of water in the emulsion fuel on the emissions of NO x, PM, carbon monoxide (CO), hydrocarbon (HC), smoke and exhaust temperature. Experimental results from various researchers show a decrease in the NO x and PM emissions simultaneously. However, the results with the increasing water percentage in emulsion fuel are not consistent for HC and CO emissions. The water content in emulsion fuel affects the combustion and reduces the peak temperature in the combustion chamber. On the other hand, microexplosion phenomenon occurs and causes an increase in the volatility of diesel fuel which improves the combustion efficiency