PSO modelling and PID controlled of automatic fish feeder system

Automatic fish feeding system is an electronic device that is designed to distribute fish pellets at particular time with maximum speed regulation. There are three (3) main parts in the system which are storage, dispenser and distribution parts. A problem has been reported that the distribution part was not performed at the required speed. The main objective of this study is to improve the performance of fish feeding system by using PID controller through ARX modelling. In this study, raw data at distribution part with speed of 130 rpm, 160 rpm, 190 rpm, 220 rpm and 250 rpm were extracted and used to determine ARX equation parameters as transfer function by using PSO algorithm to optimize ARX model parameter. Validation tests used was residual analysis. The best transfer function was then used as a modelling plant in the simulation process with PID controller to determine the optimum PID parameters. Finally, implementation of a PID controller into real time system was done to verify whether this system improved or not. The PSO analysis showed that the best ARX model was at 190 rpm speed because of well superimposed predicted model with the actual system. The lowest normalized output MSE value is 0.0042015 , the lowest convergence output error value is 0.0040886, the stable pole zero map and correlation test verify the accuracy of the model reaching a 95% confidence level. ARX model parameters obtained using the PSO algorithm are two inputs ( , ) and two outputs ( , ). The input parameter obtained is (− 0.3391, − 0.4329) while the output parameter is (− 0.06498, − 0.08334). The optimum PID parameter value obtained by the auto tune method is = − 3.4854, = − 50.2207 and = 0.05815. In conclusion, the PID controller successfully improved the performance of the fish feeding system with the highest percentage of speed change of 92.59%

The Economic Impact of Lower Extremity Amputations in Diabetics. a Retrospective Study From a Tertiary Care Hospital of Faisalabad, Pakistan

Background: Among the various complications of diabetes, lower-extremity amputation due to diabetic foot is a common problem. In Pakistan, 6-7% of patients with diabetes suffer from diabetic foot ulceration. Objectives: Our primary objective was to explore the frequency of diabetic foot amputations, and the secondary objective was to calculate the economic burden of these preventable surgeries on the health budget of the provincial government. Materials & Methods: It was a retrospective cross-sectional observational study conducted after obtaining approval from the Ethical Review Committee of Allied hospital, Faisalabad Medical University. The data of diabetic foot patients who underwent amputations between July 2017 and December 2017 were retrieved from three Surgical Units (I, II & III), using a purposive sampling technique. All amputations carried out for reasons other than diabetic foot were excluded. The direct medical cost of one diabetic foot amputation was calculated via a local survey of the various private hospitals of Faisalabad. The indirect costs in terms of loss of productivity and disability costs, transport costs, rehabilitation costs were not included in this study. The data were evaluated by using SPSS Version 23. Results: A total of 85 patients were included in our study. The male to female ratio was 2.7 to 1. The mean direct treatment cost for minor amputation was PKR 46926.00 ± 11730.90 ($382.35 ± 95.58), and the mean direct treatment cost for major amputation was PKR 53720.00 ± 12401.24 ($437.71 ± 101.40). Out of 85 amputations, 63 (74%) were major amputations, and the remaining 22 (26%) were minor amputations. The total cost for 63 major amputations was PKR 3,384,360 ($27568.91) and for 22 minor amputation was PKR 1,032,372 ($8409.67). The net cost came out to be PKR 4,416,732 ($35978.59) for all the 85 cases being reported in a tertiary care hospital of Faisalabad for six months. Conclusion: Diabetic foot, a preventable complication of long-term diabetes mellitus, has an economic burden on the hospital budget, which, if adequately addressed via primary prevention programme, can yield not just economical but medical benefits as well

IMPROVING SAFTEY PERFORMANCE IN CONSTRUCTION PROJECTS IN LIBYA (CASE STUDY : IN TRIPOLI CITY)

Abstract In both developed and developing countries, the construction industry is considered to be one of the most significant industries in terms of its impact on health and safety of the working population. Construction industry is both economically and socially important. However, the construction industry is also recognized to be the most hazardous. The objectives of this research are to investigate the safety performance in the construction sites. The data were collected from the contractors, consultant, and owners by using questionnaire to evaluate the safety performance in the construction sites. In total, there were 40 questionnaires which were distributed to respondents, with a response rate of 75%. The results show that there was still a lack of commitment from the government, the insurance company, the labor ministry, the owners, consultants, and also the contractors to improving safety performance on the construction sites. The suggestion is to improve the safety performance on the construction sites. The government should follow up the safety performance by visiting the construction sites. The insurance company should be more active in visiting the construction sites. The owners should be more active towards the safety by controlling, visiting the process in the construction sites. The contractors have to train the workers and promote the safety culture and follow up the safety performance. The consultants should control all the tools in the construction sites to insure that those tools are safe. Keywords: Safety performance, construction project, Tripol

The Impacts of Ethanol on the US Catfish Farm Sector

In this study, we estimated catfish feed and farm price reduced form equations. Of particular importance was the impact of the recent increase in grain prices induced by ethanol production on feed cost and farm prices. This relationship was examined using an autoregressive distributed lag (ARDL) model. Results show that a 1% increase in corn prices caused a 0.134% and 0.263% increase in feed prices in the short- and long-run, respectively. Catfish farm prices increased by 0.106% (short-run) and 0.211% (long-run) given a 1% increase in feed prices. Between 2004 and 2008, corn prices increased from $2 to$6 per bushels. Taheripour and Tyner (2008) state that of the total increase, 25% was due to US ethanol subsidies and 75% was due to the increase in the price of crude oil. Given the $1 increase in corn prices (50%), this should result in a feed price increase of 13% and a farm price increase of 2.7% in the long-run. Park and Fortenbery (2007) found that for every percentage increase in ethanol production, corn prices increased by 0.16 % in the short run. From this we conclude that a 100% increase in ethanol production will cause catfish feed prices to increase by 4.21% in the long run, and catfish farm prices to increase by 0.89%.catfish, price, catfish feed, ethanol, autoregressive distributed lag model, ARDL, Demand and Price Analysis, Research Methods/ Statistical Methods,

Economic Factors Influencing Corporate Capital Structure in Three Asian Countries: Evidence from Japan, Malaysia and Pakistan

This study is an attempt to determine the factors that influence a firm’s choice of capital structure in three Asian countries: Japan, Malaysia and Pakistan. The specific objective is to investigate if country’s economic factors play a significant role in determining capital structure between markets. These countries are chosen in order to represent three different stages of economic development. Literature review reveals that considerable research has been made in the industrialized countries on the similar topic. Capital structure is one of the most complex areas of strategic financial decision making due to its interrelationship with macroeconomic variables. This study reveals that per capita GNP growth for Japan and Malaysia is significantly related to capital structure of firm and higher economic growth tends to cause to use more long term debt. These results for Pakistan are different from those other two countries. This also shows that inefficiencies coupled with high leverage may entangle Pakistani firms in debt trap. The indicator of prime lending rate is the most decisive factor affecting demand for credit for Japan and Malaysia. It is evident from the analysis that financial liberalization provides major support in the development of capital structure and overall corporate sector in all the three countries.Capital Structure, Business Cycle, Liquidity, Economic Growth