344 research outputs found
Use of molecular and genomic data for disease surveillance in aquaculture: Towards improved evidence for decision making
Diagnostic tools for the identification and confirmation of animal diseases have been evolving rapidly over the last decade, with diseases of aquatic animals being no exception. Hence, case definitions used in surveillance may now include molecular and genomic components and ultimately be based on the entire genome of a pathogen. While the opportunities brought on by this change in our ability to define and differentiate organisms are manifold, there are also challenges. These include the need to consider typing tool characteristics during sampling design, but also the re-thinking of diagnostic protocols and standards for the meaningful interpretation of the increasingly complex data presented to surveillance managers. These issues are illustrated for aquaculture using the example of multi-country surveillance of antimicrobial resistance of Aeromonas spp. strains isolated from rainbow trouts (Oncorhynchus mykiss) in Europe. In order to fully exploit the opportunities of molecular and genomic information, a multi-disciplinary approach is needed to develop harmonised diagnostic procedures and modified surveillance designs for aquaculture as well as for terrestrial animal production. This will require adjustments in the relevant standards applicable to assess food safety and trade risks
Rock-eating mycorrhizas: their role in plant nutrition and biogeochemical cycles
A decade ago, tunnels inside mineral grains were found that were likely formed by hyphae of ectomycorrhizal (EcM) fungi. This observation implied that EcM fungi can dissolve mineral grains. The observation raised several questions on the ecology of these Âżrock-eatingÂż fungi. This review addresses the roles of these rock-eating EcM associations in plant nutrition, biogeochemical cycles and pedogenesis. Research approaches ranged from molecular to ecosystem level scales. Nutrient deficiencies change EcM seedling exudation patterns of organic anions and thus their potential to mobilise base cations from minerals. This response was fungal species-specific. Some EcM fungi accelerated mineral weathering. While mineral weathering could also increase the concentrations of phytotoxic aluminium in the soil solution, some EcM fungi increase Al tolerance through an enhanced exudation of oxalate. Through their contribution to Al transport, EcM hyphae could be agents in pedogenesis, especially podzolisation. A modelling study indicated that mineral tunnelling is less important than surface weathering by EcM fungi. With both processes taken together, the contribution of EcM fungi to weathering may be significant. In the field vertical niche differentiation of EcM fungi was shown for EcM root tips and extraradical mycelium. In the field EcM fungi and tunnel densities were correlated. Our results support a role of rock-eating EcM fungi in plant nutrition and biogeochemical cycles. EcM fungal species-specific differences indicate the need for further research with regard to this variation in functional traits
An Integrated Software Platform for Best Estimate Safety Analyses of Nuclear Power Plants
Nuclear power plant safety is granted through the demonstration that regulatory acceptance
criteria are fulfilled by the provided (calculated) analyses of the NPP performances and sufficient safety
margins are respected during normal operation, anticipated transients and postulated accident conditions.
Safety margins are very hard to determine in absolute terms, numerical calculations are used to assess
their values. Over the last 30 years an extensive effort has been carried out aiming to improve the
knowledge of the nuclear power plant behaviour under transient scenarios. The development of Best
Estimate (BE) computer codes are the direct consequence of these noteworthy efforts.
The availability of more sophisticated and specialized computer codes gives the analyst the possibility to
perform very detailed analysis in all the fields involved in the safety of a NPP: thermal-hydraulics, CFD,
3D neutron kinetics etc. The possibility to create a software environment where a multidisciplinary
problem can be solved adopting different specialized codes able to exchange data among them is a fruitful
approach to the problem aiming to improve the results.
The computational tools, adopted in best-estimate approach in licensing, include a) the best estimate
computer codes; b) the nodalizations together with the procedures for the development and the
qualification; c) the uncertainty methodology.
The Nuclear Research Group of San Piero a Grado of the University of Pisa has developed a software
platform with 15 interacting computer codes. Such platform covers the reactor simulation multidisciplinary
problem from generation of neutron cross-sections, through system thermal-hydraulic analyses, up to
detailed structural and fuel mechanics studies and it embeds software procedures for automatized data
transfer between codes. Together with methodological procedures for nodalizations development and
qualification the platform leads to a great decrease of the human induced error in the results. The
developed platform has been tested and successfully applied to perform the safety analyses required by the
Chapter 15 of the Final Safety Analysis Report of the CNA-2 nuclear power plant in Argentina
SurF: an innovative framework in biosecurity and animal health surveillance evaluation
Surveillance for biosecurity hazards is being conducted by the New Zealand Competent Authority, the Ministry for Primary Industries (MPI) to support New Zealand's biosecurity system. Surveillance evaluation should be an integral part of the surveillance life cycle, as it provides a means to identify and correct problems and to sustain and enhance the existing strengths of a surveillance system. The surveillance evaluation Framework (SurF) presented here was developed to provide a generic framework within which the MPI biosecurity surveillance portfolio, and all of its components, can be consistently assessed. SurF is an innovative, crossâsectoral effort that aims to provide a common umbrella for surveillance evaluation in the animal, plant, environment and aquatic sectors. It supports the conduct of the following four distinct components of an evaluation project: (i) motivation for the evaluation, (ii) scope of the evaluation, (iii) evaluation design and implementation and (iv) reporting and communication of evaluation outputs. Case studies, prepared by MPI subject matter experts, are included in the framework to guide users in their assessment. Three case studies were used in the development of SurF in order to assure practical utility and to confirm usability of SurF across all included sectors. It is anticipated that the structured approach and information provided by SurF will not only be of benefit to MPI but also to other New Zealand stakeholders. Although SurF was developed for internal use by MPI, it could be applied to any surveillance system in New Zealand or elsewhere
Accident Management in VVER-1000
The present paper deals with the investigation study on accident management in VVER-1000 reactor type conducted in the framework of a European Commission funded project. The mentioned study involved both experimental and computational fields. The purpose of this paper is to summarize the main findings from the execution of a wide-range analysis focused on AM in VVER-1000 with main regard to the qualification of computational tools and the proposal for an optimal AM strategy for this kind of NPP
LCVP, the Leipzig catalogue of vascular plants, a new taxonomic reference list for all known vascular plants
Women in radiology: gender diversity is not a metric-it is a tool for excellence.
Women in Focus: Be Inspired was a unique programme held at the 2019 European Congress of Radiology that was structured to address a range of topics related to gender and healthcare, including leadership, mentoring and the generational progression of women in medicine. In most countries, women constitute substantially fewer than half of radiologists in academia or private practice despite frequently accounting for at least half of medical school enrolees. Furthermore, the proportion of women decreases at higher academic ranks and levels of leadership, a phenomenon which has been referred to as a "leaky pipeline". Gender diversity in the radiologic workplace, including in academic and leadership positions, is important for the present and future success of the field. It is a tool for excellence that helps to optimize patient care and research; moreover, it is essential to overcome the current shortage of radiologists. This article reviews the current state of gender diversity in academic and leadership positions in radiology internationally and explores a wide range of potential reasons for gender disparities, including the lack of role models and mentorship, unconscious bias and generational changes in attitudes about the desirability of leadership positions. Strategies for both individuals and institutions to proactively increase the representation of women in academic and leadership positions are suggested. KEY POINTS: âą Gender-diverse teams perform better. Thus, gender diversity throughout the radiologic workplace, including in leadership positions, is important for the current and future success of the field. âą Though women now make up roughly half of medical students, they remain underrepresented among radiology trainees, faculty and leaders. âą Factors leading to the gender gap in academia and leadership positions in Radiology include a lack of role models and mentors, unconscious biases, other societal barriers and generational changes
Origins of global mountain plant biodiversity: Testing the âmountainâgeobiodiversity hypothesisâ
Recent Applications of RELAP5-3D at GRNSPG
CNA2 : FSAR activities
Standard Consolidated Reference Experimental Database
MASLWR benchmark
OECD benchmarks
CHF calculation in low mass flux condition
Turbulence effects in Relap5-3
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