Micropropagation of Grape Cultivars (Vitis vinifera L.) on Different Basal Media Supplemented with Benzyl Adenine

In vitro propagation is a commercial technique that is used for plant propagation around the world. Therefore, the development of in vitro techniques is a sure way for rapid propagation of many plant species. In this study, effect of Woody Plant Medium (WPM) and Murashighe and Skoog (MS) media supplemented with 0.0, 2.2, 4.4, 6.6 and 8.8 μM benzyladenine (BA) on regeneration of three grape cultivars (\u27Bidaneh Sefi d’, ‘Farkhi’ and ‘Khoshnav’) were investigated. In proliferation stage, length of shoots, number of shoots, number of leaves and the final status of explants were evaluated. In rooting stage, effect of indole-3-butyric acid (IBA) in three concentrations (0.0, 0.5 and 1.0 μM) on root initiation, number of rooted explants, root length and number of roots were evaluated. The results showed that the longest shoots were obtained in MS medium supplemented with 2.2 μM BA in the three cultivars, while most adequate shoots were observed in MS medium containing 4.4 μM BA in all studied cultivars. In rooting stage, the best results were obtained by 0.5 μM IBA. The results of this study showed that grape regeneration potential in vitro conditions depend to cultivar, culture medium and concentration of growth regulators

Modelling of proteolysis in Iranian brined cheese using proteinase-loaded nanoliposome

In this study, Flavourzyme was encapsulated in liposomes to accelerate the ripening of Iranian white cheese. Liposomal enzyme was prepared using a modified heating method. The influence of enzyme content, ripening time and curd retention in saturated brine on proteolysis indices and sensory perception was investigated using response surface methodology. The most influential factor on proteolysis indices was ripening time, while the content of liposomal enzyme and retention time were also significant (P < 0.05). The maximum proteolysis indices and highest sensory characteristic scores were achieved by applying 0.3% w/w enzyme, ripening for 30 days and 8-h curd retention in saturated brine

Antivirulence effects of cell-free culture supernatant of endophytic bacteria against grapevine crown gall agent, Agrobacterium tumefaciens, and induction of defense responses in plantlets via intact bacterial cells

Abstract Background Crown gall disease caused by Agrobacterium tumefaciens is a very destructive affliction that affects grapevines. Endophytic bacteria have been discovered to control plant diseases via the use of several mechanisms. This research examined the potential for controlling crown gall by three endophytic bacteria that were previously isolated from healthy cultivated and wild grapevines including Pseudomonas kilonensis Ba35, Pseudomonas chlororaphis Ba47, and Serratia liquefaciens Ou55. Result At various degrees, three endophytic bacteria suppressed the populations of A. tumefaciens Gh1 and greatly decreased the symptoms of crown gall. Furthermore, biofilm production and motility behaviors of A. tumefaciens Gh1were greatly inhibited by the Cell-free Culture Supernatant (CFCS) of endophytic bacteria. According to our findings, CFCS may reduce the adhesion of A. tumefaciens Gh1 cells to grapevine cv. Rashe root tissues as well as their chemotaxis motility toward the extract of the roots. When compared to the untreated control, statistical analysis showed that CFCS significantly reduced the swimming, twitching, and swarming motility of A. tumefaciens Gh1. The findings demonstrated that the endophytic bacteria effectively stimulated the production of plant defensive enzymes including superoxide dismutase (SOD), polyphenol oxidase (PPO), peroxidase (POD), phenylalanine ammonia lyase (PAL), and total soluble phenols at different time intervals in grapevine inoculated with A. tumefaciens Gh1. The Ba47 strain markedly increased the expression levels of defense genes associated with plant resistance. The up-regulation of PR1, PR2, VvACO1, and GAD1 genes in grapevine leaves indicates the activation of SA and JA pathways, which play a role in enhancing resistance to pathogen invasion. The results showed that treating grapevine with Ba47 increased antioxidant defense activities and defense-related gene expression, which reduced oxidative damage caused by A. tumefaciens and decreased the incidence of crown gall disease. Conclusion This is the first study on how A. tumefaciens, the grapevine crown gall agent, is affected by CFCS generated by endophytic bacteria in terms of growth and virulence features. To create safer plant disease management techniques, knowledge of the biocontrol processes mediated by CFCS during microbial interactions is crucial

Nontuberculous Mycobacteria Isolation from Clinical and Environmental Samples in Iran: Twenty Years of Surveillance

Nontuberculous mycobacteria (NTM) are opportunistic pathogens that are widely distributed in the environment. There is a lack of data on species distribution of these organisms from Iran. This study consists of a review of NTM articles published in Iran between the years 1992 and 2014. In this review, 20 articles and 14 case reports were identified. Among the 20 articles, 13 (65%) studies focused on NTM isolates from clinical specimens, 6 (30%) studies examined NTM isolates from environmental samples, and one (5%) article included both clinical and environmental isolates. M. fortuitum (229/997; 23%) was recorded as the most prevalent and rapid growing mycobacteria (RGM) species in both clinical (28%) and environmental (19%) isolated samples (P < 0.05). Among slow growing mycobacteria (SGM), M. simiae (103/494; 21%) demonstrated a higher frequency in clinical samples whereas in environmental samples it was M. flavescens (44/503; 9%). These data represent information from 14 provinces out of 31 provinces of Iran. No information is available in current published data on clinical or environmental NTM from the remaining 17 provinces in Iran. These results emphasize the potential importance of NTM as well as the underestimation of NTM frequency in Iran. NTM is an important clinical problem associated with significant morbidity and mortality in Iran. Continued research is needed from both clinical and environmental sources to help clinicians and researchers better understand and address NTM treatment and prevention

The Effects of Resveratrol in Rats with Simultaneous Type 2 Diabetes and Renal Hypertension: a Study of Antihypertensive Mechanisms

Background: Resveratrol has beneficial effects on cardiovascular system. This study aimed at examining antidiabetic and antihypertensive effects of resveratrol in rats with simultaneous type 2 diabetes and renal hypertension. Methods: Eight groups (8-10 each) of male Spargue-Dawley rats, including a control, a diabetic (induced by streptozotocin and nicotinamide), a renal hypertensive (induced by placing plexiglas clips on the left renal arteries), a sham, a simultaneously hypertensive-diabetic receiving vehicle, and 3 simultaneous hypertensive-diabetic receiving resveratrol at 5, 10 or 20 mg/kg/day were used. Four weeks after the induction of diabetes, renal hypertension was induced and animals were given vehicle or resveratrol for the next four weeks. Afterwards, blood pressure and glucose, serum markers of oxidative stress were measured and animal’s aortic rings were used for isolated studies. Results: Serum malondialdehyde, systolic blood pressure, heart rate, fasting blood glucose, maximal response and effective concentration 50 of phenylephrine, and inhibitory concentration 50 of acetylcholine of hypertensive-diabetic group receiving vehicle were significantly higher than those of the control group, and treatment with resveratrol caused significant reduction of these variables. Moreover, serum superoxide dismutase, glutathione reductase, and maximal response to acetylcholine of hypertensive-diabetic group receiving vehicle were significantly lower than those of the control group, and treatment with resveratrol caused significant increase of these variables. Conclusion: The findings indicate that resveratrol has antidiabetic and antihypertensive effects, which may be partly due to antioxidant mechanism. They also show that antihypertensive effect of resveratrol may be additionally mediated by improving the release of nitric oxide and sympathoplegic activities

Deletion of region of difference 181 in Mycobacterium tuberculosis Beijing strains

AbstractObjectives/backgroundThe region of differences (RDs) polymorphisms is a potential molecular epidemiology method to distinguish origins of Mycobacterium tuberculosis. To date, 68 RDs have been identified in M. tuberculosis. This study was designed to determine the frequency of RD deletions in M. tuberculosis strains that were isolated from patients with pulmonary tuberculosis who were referred to the National Research Institute of Tuberculosis and Lung Disease for diagnosis and treatment. Therefore, highly polymorphic regions (RD1, RD150, and RD181) among M. tuberculosis strains isolates were investigated.MethodsA total of 250 M. tuberculosis isolates were identified by conventional and molecular methods. Subsequently, spoligotyping and RD typing (RD1, RD150 and RD181) were performed to genotype these strains.ResultsThe most frequent spoligotype belonged to Haarlem (n=85, 34.0%) followed by CAS (n=54, 21.6%), T1 (n=27, 10.8%), and Beijing (n=28, 11.2%) lineages. Deletion in RD181 was identified only among the Beijing lineage (Fig. 1).ConclusionAs we found a deletion in RD181 in the Beijing strains only, we propose to use this marker as an identification tool for genotyping of the Beijing strain

True truffle diversity in Iran

Inside commercial batches of T. aestivum imported from Iran to Italy the ascomata of six Tuber spp. (Tuber borchii, Tuber brumale, Tuber macrosporum, Tuber rufum f. lucidum, Tuber excavatum and Tuber fulgens) were found and described. Sixteen specimens were analyzed; most of them were completely immature probably because truffles in Iran are harvested by digging all the soil forest without using trained dogs. The morphology of the Iranian ascomata and their spore dimensions are similar to those of the European ascomata and phylogenetic analyses based on their ITS sequences placed them inside the European clades of Tuber. In Iran, truffles are found in the northern part of the country with the highest production in the Hyrcanian region (between Guilan and Golestan provinces). To date, Iran seems to be the most Eastern location where European species of Tuber are found