Thermodynamic Properties of Ionic Liquids

Basic physicochemical properties were discussed at different temperatures for 18 hydrophobic ionic liquids (ILs) which containing imidazolium and pyridinium as cations, separately. The ILs include 1-ethyl-3-methylimizazolium tris(pentafluoroethyl)trifluorophosphate ([C2mim][PF3(CF2CF3)3]), 1-acetonitrile-3-ethylimimdazolium bis(trifluoromethylsulfonyl)imide ([MCNMIM][NTf2]), 1-(cyanopropyl)-3-methylimidazolium bis[(trifluoromethyl)sulfonyl]imide [PCNMIM][NTf2], 1-ethanol-3-ethylimimdazolium bis(trifluoromethylsulfonyl)imide ([EOHMIM][NTf2]), 1-butylamide-3-ethylimimdazolium bis(trifluoromethylsulfonyl)-imide ([CH2CONHBuEIM][NTf2]), N-alkylpyridinium bis(trifluoromethylsulfonyl)imide {[Cnpy][NTf2] (n = 2, 3, 4, 5, 6)}, N-alkyl-3-methylpyridinium bis(trifluoromethyl-sulfonyl)imide {[Cn3Mpy][NTf2] (n = 3, 4, 6)}, and N-alkyl-4-methylpyridinium bis(trifluoromethylsulfonyl)imide {[Cn4Mpy][NTf2] (n = 2, 4, 6)}. The molar volume, standard molar entropy, and lattice energy were estimated by the empirical and semiempirical equations. The dependences of density, dynamic viscosity, and electrical conductivity on temperature are discussed in the measured temperature range. It is found that with the increasing temperature, the density and dynamic viscosity decreased, while the electrical conductivity increases. The influences of microstructures of ILs, such as the introduction of the methylene, methyl, and functional groups on cations, on their basic physicochemical properties are discussed

Chromium toxicity induced oxidative damage in two rice cultivars and its mitigation through external supplementation of brassinosteroids and spermine

The chromium (Cr) induced phytotoxicity avowed the scientific community to develop stress mitigation strategies to restrain the Cr accumulation inside the food chain. Whereas, brassinosteroids (BRs), and spermine (SPM) are well-known growth-promoting phytohormones, which enhance the plants health, and resilient the toxic effects under stress conditions. Until now, their interactive role against Cr-mitigation is poorly known. Hence, we conducted the hydroponic experiment to perceive the behavior of seed primed with BRs, or/and SPM treatment against Cr disclosure in two different rice cultivars (CY927; sensitive, YLY689; tolerant). Our findings delineated that BRs (0.01 μM), or/and SPM (0.01 mM) remarkably alleviated Cr-induced phytotoxicity by improving the seed germination ratio, chlorophyll pigments, PSII system, total soluble sugar, and minimizing the MDA contents level, ROS extra generation, and electrolyte leakage through restricting the Cr accretion in roots, and shoots of both rice cultivars under Cr stress. Additionally, the BRs, or/and SPM modulated the antioxidant enzyme, and non-enzyme activities to reduce the Cr-induced cellular oxidative damage as well as maintained the ionic hemostasis in both rice cultivars, especially in YLY689. Concisely, enhanced the plants biomass and growth. Overall, our outcomes revealed that BRs and SPM interact positively to alleviate the Cr-induced damages in rice seedlings on the above-mentioned indices, and combine treatment is much more efficient than solely. Moreover, the effect of BRs, or/and SPM was more obvious in YLY689 than CY927 to hamper the oxidative stress, and boost the antioxidant capacity